®
281, 282, 284
40 MS/s Arbitrary Waveform Generators
Users Manual
January 2005
© 2005 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. Printed in USA
All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
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LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and
service. The warranty period is one year and begins on the date of shipment. Parts, product repairs, and
services are warranted for 90 days. This warranty extends only to the original buyer or end-user customer of
a Fluke authorized reseller, and does not apply to fuses, disposable batteries, or to any product which, in
Fluke's opinion, has been misused, altered, neglected, contaminated, or damaged by accident or abnormal
conditions of operation or handling. Fluke warrants that software will operate substantially in accordance
with its functional specifications for 90 days and that it has been properly recorded on non-defective media.
Fluke does not warrant that software will be error free or operate without interruption.
Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on
new and unused products to end-user customers
only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty on behalf of Fluke. Warranty support is
available only if product is purchased through a Fluke authorized sales outlet or Buyer has paid the
applicable international price. Fluke reserves the right to invoice Buyer for importation costs of
repair/replacement parts when product purchased in one country is submitted for repair in another country.
Fluke's warranty obligation is limited, at F
l
uke's option, to refund of the purchase price, free of charge repair,
or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke authorized service center within the
warranty period.
To obtain warranty service, contact your nearest F
l
uke authorized service center to obtain return
authorization information, then send the product to that service center, with a description of the difficulty,
postage and insurance prepaid (FOB Destination). Fluke assumes no risk for damage in transit. Following
warranty repair, the product will be returned to Buyer, transportation prepaid (FOB Destination). If Fluke
determines that failure was caused by neglect, misuse, contamination, alteration, accident, or abnormal
condition of operation or handling, including overvoltage failures caused by use outside the product’s
specified rating, or normal wear and tear of mechanical components, Fluke will provide an estimate of repair
costs and obtain authorization before commencing the work. Following repair, the product will be returned to
the Buyer transportation prepaid and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return transportation charges
(FOB Shipping Point).
THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER
WARRANT
IES
, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY
OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE
FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES,
INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OR THEORY.
Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an impl
ied
warranty, or exclusion or
limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and exclusions of this warranty may not
apply to every buyer. If any provision of this Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court or other
decision-maker of competent jurisdiction, such holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other
provision.
11/99
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Safety
This generator is a Safety Class I instrument according to IEC classification and has been
designed to meet the requirements of EN61010-1 (Safety Requirements for Electrical
Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use). It is an Installation Category
II instrument intended for operation from a normal single phase supply.
This instrument has been tested in accordance with EN61010-1 and has been supplied in
a safe condition. This instruction manual contains some information and warnings which
have to be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to retain the instrument in a
safe condition.
This instrument has been designed for indoor use in a Pollution Degree 2 environment in
the temperature range 5 °C to 40 °C, 20 % - 80 % RH (non-condensing). It may
occasionally be subjected to temperatures between +5 °C and -10 °C without degradation
of its safety. Do not operate the instrument while condensation is present.
Use of this instrument in a manner not specified by these instructions may impair the
safety protection provided. Do not operate the instrument outside its rated supply
voltages or environmental range.
Warning
To avoid the possibility of electric shock:
• This instrument must be earthed.
• Any interruption of the mains earth conductor inside or
outside the instrument will make the instrument
dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited. The
protective action must not be negated by the use of an
extension cord without a protective conductor.
• When the instrument is connected to its supply, terminals
may be live and opening the covers or removal of parts
(except those to which access can be gained by hand) is
likely to expose live parts.
• Any adjustment, maintenance and repair of the opened
instrument under voltage shall be avoided as far as
possible and, if inevitable, shall be carried out only by a
skilled person who is aware of the hazard involved.
• Make sure that only fuses with the required rated current
and of the specified type are used for replacement. The use
of makeshift fuses and the short-circuiting of fuse holders
is prohibited.
Caution
If the instrument is clearly defective, has been subject to
mechanical damage, excessive moisture or chemical corrosion
the safety protection may be impaired and the apparatus should
be withdrawn from use and returned for checking and repair.
i
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Note
This instrument uses a Lithium button cell for non-volatile memory battery
back-up. Typical battery life is 5 years. In the event of replacement
becoming necessary, replace only with a cell of the correct type, a 3 V
Li/Mn0
2
20 mm button cell type 2032. Do not mix with solid waste stream.
Do not cut open, incinerate, expose to temperatures above 60 °C or attempt
to recharge. Used batteries should be disposed of by a qualified recycler or
hazardous materials handler. Contact your authorized Fluke Service
Center for recycling information.
Caution
Do not wet the instrument when cleaning it and in particular use
only a soft dry cloth to clean the LCD window.
The following symbols are used on the instrument and in this manual:
Caution - refer to the accompanying documentation,
incorrect operation may damage the instrument.
Terminal connected to chassis ground.
Mains supply OFF.
Mains supply ON.
Alternating current.
Warning - hazardous voltages may be present.
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EMC Compliance
This instrument meets the requirements of the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC.
Compliance was demonstrated by meeting the test limits of the following standards:
Emissions
EN61326 (1998) EMC product standard for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,
Control and Laboratory Use. Test limits used were:
a) Radiated: Class B
b) Conducted: Class B
c) Harmonics:
EN61000-3-2 (2000) Class A
The instrument is Class A by product category.
Immunity
EN61326 (1998) EMC product standard for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,
Control and Laboratory Use. Test methods, limits and performance achieved were:
a) EN61000-4-2 (1995)
Electrostatic Discharge: 4 kV air, 4 kV contact
Performance A.
b) EN61000-4-3 (1997)
Electromagnetic Field: 3 V/m, 80 % AM at 1 kHz
Performance A.
c) EN61000-4-11 (1994)
Voltage Interrupt: 1 cycle, 100 %
Performance A.
d) EN61000-4-4 (1995)
Fast Transient: 1 kV peak (ac line), 0.5 kV peak (signal lines
and RS232/GPIB ports)
Performance A.
e) EN61000-4-5 (1995)
Surge: 0.5 kV (line to line), 1 kV (line to ground)
Performance A.
f) EN61000-4-6 (1996)
Conducted RF: 3 V, 80 % AM at 1kHz (AC line only; signal
connections <3 m not tested)
Performance A.
According to EN61326 the definitions of performance criteria are:
Performance criterion A: ‘During test, normal performance within the specification
limits.’
Performance criterion B: ‘During test, temporary degradation or loss of function or
performance which is self-recovering’.
Performance criterion C: ‘During test, temporary degradation or loss of function or
performance which requires operator intervention or system
reset occurs.’
Cautions
To ensure continued compliance with the EMC directive the
following precautions should be observed:
a) connect the generator to other equipment using only high
quality, double-screened cables.
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iv
b) after opening the case for any reason ensure that all signal
and ground connections are remade correctl
y before replacing
the cover. Always ensure all case screws are correctly refitted
and tightened.
c) In the event of part replacement becoming necessary, only
use components of an identical ty
pe. Refer to the Service
Manual.
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v
Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page
1 Introduction and Specifications......................................................... 1-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 1-2
Overview ....................................................................................................... 1-2
Features ......................................................................................................... 1-2
Specifications..................................................................................................... 1-4
Waveforms .................................................................................................... 1-4
Standard Waveforms................................................................................. 1-4
Sine, Cosine, Haversine, Havercosine ...................................................... 1-4
Square........................................................................................................ 1-4
Triangle..................................................................................................... 1-4
Ramps and Sin(x)/x................................................................................... 1-4
Pulse and Pulse Train................................................................................ 1-4
Arbitrary.................................................................................................... 1-5
Sequence ................................................................................................... 1-5
Output Filter.............................................................................................. 1-5
Operating Modes........................................................................................... 1-5
Triggered Burst ......................................................................................... 1-5
Gated......................................................................................................... 1-6
Sweep........................................................................................................ 1-6
Tone Switching ......................................................................................... 1-6
Trigger Generator...................................................................................... 1-7
Outputs .......................................................................................................... 1-7
Main Output.............................................................................................. 1-7
Sync Out.................................................................................................... 1-7
Cursor/Marker Out.................................................................................... 1-8
Inputs............................................................................................................. 1-8
Trig In ....................................................................................................... 1-8
Modulation In............................................................................................ 1-8
Sum In....................................................................................................... 1-8
Hold........................................................................................................... 1-8
Ref Clock In/Out....................................................................................... 1-8
Inter-channel Operation................................................................................. 1-9
Inter-channel Modulation.......................................................................... 1-9
Inter-channel Analog Summing................................................................ 1-9
Inter-channel Phase Locking..................................................................... 1-9
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Users Manual
vi
Inter-channel Triggering ........................................................................... 1-10
Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 1-10
General .......................................................................................................... 1-10
2 Installation ........................................................................................... 2-1
Mains Operating Voltage................................................................................... 2-2
Fuse.................................................................................................................... 2-2
Mains Lead ........................................................................................................ 2-2
Mounting............................................................................................................ 2-2
3 Connections......................................................................................... 3-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 3-2
Front Panel Connections.................................................................................... 3-2
MAIN OUT................................................................................................... 3-2
SYNC OUT................................................................................................... 3-2
TRIG IN ........................................................................................................ 3-3
SUM IN......................................................................................................... 3-3
MODULATION IN....................................................................................... 3-3
Rear Panel Connections..................................................................................... 3-3
REF CLOCK IN/OUT................................................................................... 3-3
HOLD IN....................................................................................................... 3-4
CURSOR/MARKER OUT............................................................................ 3-4
RS232............................................................................................................ 3-4
GPIB (IEEE-488) .......................................................................................... 3-5
4 Initial Operation................................................................................... 4-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 4-2
Initial Operation................................................................................................. 4-2
Switching On................................................................................................. 4-2
Display Contrast............................................................................................ 4-2
Keyboard ....................................................................................................... 4-2
Principles of Editing...................................................................................... 4-3
Principles of Operation...................................................................................... 4-5
Clock Synthesis Mode................................................................................... 4-5
DDS Mode..................................................................................................... 4-6
5 Standard Waveform Operation........................................................... 5-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 5-2
Standard Waveform Operation.......................................................................... 5-2
Setting Generator Parameters ............................................................................ 5-2
Waveform Selection...................................................................................... 5-2
Frequency...................................................................................................... 5-2
Amplitude...................................................................................................... 5-3
DC Offset ...................................................................................................... 5-4
Warning and Error Messages............................................................................. 5-5
SYNC Output..................................................................................................... 5-6
6 Sweep Operation................................................................................. 6-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 6-2
Principles of Sweep Operation...................................................................... 6-2
Connections for Sweep Operation................................................................. 6-2
Setting Sweep Parameters.................................................................................. 6-3
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Contents (continued)
vii
Sweep Range................................................................................................. 6-3
Sweep Time................................................................................................... 6-4
Sweep Type................................................................................................... 6-4
Manual Sweep............................................................................................... 6-5
Sweep Spacing............................................................................................... 6-6
Sweep Marker................................................................................................ 6-6
Sweep Hold ................................................................................................... 6-6
7 Triggered Burst and Gate................................................................... 7-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 7-2
Internal Trigger Generator............................................................................. 7-2
External Trigger Input................................................................................... 7-3
Adjacent Channel Trigger Output ................................................................. 7-3
Triggered Burst.................................................................................................. 7-3
Trigger Source............................................................................................... 7-4
Trigger Edge.................................................................................................. 7-4
Burst Count.................................................................................................... 7-4
Start Phase..................................................................................................... 7-5
Manual Initialization of Inter-channel Triggering......................................... 7-5
Gated Mode........................................................................................................ 7-6
Gate Source ................................................................................................... 7-6
Gate Polarity.................................................................................................. 7-6
Start Phase..................................................................................................... 7-6
Sync Out in Triggered Burst and Gated Mode .................................................. 7-7
8 Tone Mode ........................................................................................... 8-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 8-2
Tone Frequency ................................................................................................. 8-2
Tone Type.......................................................................................................... 8-2
Tone Switching Source...................................................................................... 8-3
DTMF Testing with a Multi-Channel Generator............................................... 8-4
9 Arbitrary Waveform Generation......................................................... 9-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 9-2
Arb Waveform Terms........................................................................................ 9-2
Arb Waveform Creation and Modification – General Principles ...................... 9-2
Selecting and Outputting Arbitrary Waveforms................................................ 9-3
Creating New Waveforms.................................................................................. 9-4
Create Blank Waveform................................................................................ 9-4
Create Waveform Copy................................................................................. 9-5
Modifying Arbitrary Waveforms....................................................................... 9-6
Waveform Edit Cursor .................................................................................. 9-6
Resize Waveform .......................................................................................... 9-6
Rename Waveform........................................................................................ 9-7
Waveform Info .............................................................................................. 9-7
Delete Waveform........................................................................................... 9-8
Edit Waveform .............................................................................................. 9-8
Point Edit....................................................................................................... 9-9
Line Edit........................................................................................................ 9-9
Wave Insert.................................................................................................... 9-9
Block Copy.................................................................................................... 9-10
Waveform Amplitude.................................................................................... 9-11
Waveform Offset........................................................................................... 9-11
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Wave Invert................................................................................................... 9-12
Position Markers............................................................................................ 9-12
Arbitrary Waveform Sequence.......................................................................... 9-13
Sequence Set-up ............................................................................................ 9-14
Frequency and Amplitude Control with Arbitrary Waveforms......................... 9-15
Frequency...................................................................................................... 9-15
Amplitude...................................................................................................... 9-16
Sync Out Settings with Arbitrary Waveforms................................................... 9-16
Waveform Hold in Arbitrary Mode................................................................... 9-16
Output Filter Setting .......................................................................................... 9-17
10 Pulse and Pulse-trains........................................................................ 10-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 10-2
Pulse Set-up ....................................................................................................... 10-2
Pulse-Train Set-up ............................................................................................. 10-4
Waveform Hold in Pulse and Pulse-Train Modes ............................................. 10-6
11 Modulation ........................................................................................... 11-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 11-2
External Modulation.......................................................................................... 11-2
External VCA................................................................................................ 11-2
External SCM................................................................................................ 11-3
Internal Modulation ........................................................................................... 11-3
12 Sum....................................................................................................... 12-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 12-2
External Sum...................................................................................................... 12-2
Internal Sum....................................................................................................... 12-3
13 Synchronization .................................................................................. 13-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 13-2
Inter-Channel Synchronization.......................................................................... 13-2
Synchronizing Principles............................................................................... 13-2
Master-Slave Allocation................................................................................ 13-2
Phase-setting between Channels.................................................................... 13-3
Other Phase-Locking Considerations............................................................ 13-4
Synchronizing Two Generators ......................................................................... 13-5
Synchronizing Principles............................................................................... 13-5
Connections for Synchronization .................................................................. 13-5
Generator Set-ups.......................................................................................... 13-5
Synchronizing................................................................................................ 13-7
14 System Operations from the Utility Menu......................................... 14-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 14-2
Storing and Recalling Set-ups............................................................................ 14-2
Channel Waveform Information........................................................................ 14-2
Warnings and Error messages............................................................................ 14-3
Remote Interface Set-up .................................................................................... 14-3
Reference Clock In/Out Setting......................................................................... 14-3
Cursor/Marker Output........................................................................................ 14-3
Power On Setting............................................................................................... 14-4
System Information............................................................................................ 14-4
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Contents (continued)
ix
Calibration ......................................................................................................... 14-5
Copying Channel Set-ups .................................................................................. 14-5
15 Calibration............................................................................................ 15-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 15-2
Equipment Required.......................................................................................... 15-2
Calibration Procedure ........................................................................................ 15-2
Setting the Password...................................................................................... 15-2
Password Access to Calibration .................................................................... 15-3
Changing the Password ................................................................................. 15-3
Calibration Routine............................................................................................ 15-3
Remote Calibration............................................................................................ 15-5
16 Remote Operation ............................................................................... 16-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 16-2
Address and Baud Rate Selection...................................................................... 16-2
Remote/Local Operation.................................................................................... 16-2
RS232 Interface ................................................................................................. 16-3
RS232 Interface Connector ........................................................................... 16-3
Single Instrument RS232 Connections.......................................................... 16-3
Addressable RS232 Connections................................................................... 16-3
RS232 Character Set...................................................................................... 16-4
Addressable RS232 Interface Control Codes................................................ 16-4
Full List of Addressable RS232 Interface Control Codes......................... 16-6
GPIB Interface................................................................................................... 16-6
GPIB Subsets................................................................................................. 16-6
GPIB IEEE Std. 488.2 Error Handling.......................................................... 16-6
GPIB Parallel Poll ......................................................................................... 16-7
Status Reporting................................................................................................. 16-7
Standard Event Status and Standard Event Status Enable Registers............. 16-7
Status Byte Register and Service Request Enable Register........................... 16-8
Power on Settings .............................................................................................. 16-9
Remote Commands............................................................................................ 16-10
RS232 Remote Command Formats............................................................... 16-10
GPIB Remote Command Formats................................................................. 16-10
Command List............................................................................................... 16-11
Channel Selection.......................................................................................... 16-11
Frequency and Period.................................................................................... 16-12
Amplitude and DC Offset.............................................................................. 16-12
Waveform Selection...................................................................................... 16-12
Arbitrary Waveform Create and Delete......................................................... 16-13
Arbitrary Waveform Editing ......................................................................... 16-14
Waveform Sequence Control ........................................................................ 16-17
Mode Commands........................................................................................... 16-17
Input/Output control...................................................................................... 16-18
Modulation Commands ................................................................................. 16-19
Phase Locking Commands ............................................................................ 16-19
Status Commands.......................................................................................... 16-19
Miscellaneous Commands............................................................................. 16-21
Remote Command Summary............................................................................. 16-22
17 Maintenance......................................................................................... 17-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 17-2
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Cleaning............................................................................................................. 17-2
Appendices
A Mains Operating Voltage ............................................................................ A-1
B Warning and Error Messages...................................................................... B-1
C SYNC OUT Automatic Settings ................................................................. C-1
D Factory System Defaults ............................................................................. D-1
E Waveform Manager Plus............................................................................. E-1
F Block Diagrams........................................................................................... F-1
G Front and Rear Panel Drawings................................................................... G-1
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xi
List of Tables
Table Title Page
3-1. RS232 Pin Functions.............................................................................................. 3-4
7-1. Phase Range and Resolution - Triggered Burst Mode........................................... 7-5
16-1. Remote Command Summary................................................................................. 16-22
1-1. Approved Fuse Types ............................................................................................ 1-1
List of Figures
Figure Title Page
4-1. Single-Channel Simplified Block Diagram............................................................ 4-5
4-2. Clock Synthesis Mode............................................................................................ 4-6
4-3. Direct Digital Synthesis Mode............................................................................... 4-6
8-1. Tone Waveform Types........................................................................................... 8-3
16-1. Single Instrument RS232 Connections .................................................................. 16-3
16-2. RS232 Daisy-Chained Instruments........................................................................ 16-3
16-3. RS232 Daisy-Chain Connector Wiring.................................................................. 16-4
16-4. Status Model........................................................................................................... 16-9
1-1. Mains Transformer Connections - Model 281....................................................... 1-2
1-2. Mains Transformer Connections - Models 282 and 284........................................ 1-2
6-1. Block Diagram: Single Channel............................................................................. 6-1
6-2. Inter-Channel Block Diagram................................................................................ 6-2
7-1. Front Panel - Model 281......................................................................................... 7-1
7-2. Front Panel - Model 282......................................................................................... 7-2
7-3. Front Panel - Model 284......................................................................................... 7-2
7-4. Rear Panel - Model 281.......................................................................................... 7-3
7-5. Rear Panel - Models 282 and 284 .......................................................................... 7-3
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1-1
Chapter 1
Introduction and Specifications
Introduction........................................................................................................ 1-2
Overview ....................................................................................................... 1-2
Features ......................................................................................................... 1-2
Specifications..................................................................................................... 1-4
Waveforms .................................................................................................... 1-4
Standard Waveforms................................................................................. 1-4
Sine, Cosine, Haversine, Havercosine ...................................................... 1-4
Square........................................................................................................ 1-4
Triangle ..................................................................................................... 1-4
Ramps and Sin(x)/x................................................................................... 1-4
Pulse and Pulse Train ................................................................................ 1-4
Arbitrary.................................................................................................... 1-5
Sequence ................................................................................................... 1-5
Output Filter.............................................................................................. 1-5
Operating Modes ........................................................................................... 1-5
Triggered Burst ......................................................................................... 1-5
Gated ......................................................................................................... 1-6
Sweep ........................................................................................................ 1-6
Tone Switching ......................................................................................... 1-6
Trigger Generator...................................................................................... 1-7
Outputs .......................................................................................................... 1-7
Main Output .............................................................................................. 1-7
Sync Out.................................................................................................... 1-7
Cursor/Marker Out .................................................................................... 1-8
Inputs ............................................................................................................. 1-8
Trig In ....................................................................................................... 1-8
Modulation In............................................................................................ 1-8
Sum In ....................................................................................................... 1-8
Hold........................................................................................................... 1-8
Ref Clock In/Out ....................................................................................... 1-8
Inter-channel Operation................................................................................. 1-9
Inter-channel Modulation.......................................................................... 1-9
Inter-channel Analog Summing ................................................................ 1-9
Inter-channel Phase Locking..................................................................... 1-9
Inter-channel Triggering ........................................................................... 1-10
Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 1-10
General .......................................................................................................... 1-10
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Users Manual
1-2
Introduction
Overview
This manual describes the features and operation of t
he Fluke models 281, 282 and 284
single-, two- and four-channel arbitrary waveform generators.
The physical differences between the two and four-channel generators are
straightforward: the two-channel instru
ment has no set-up keys or output connections for
channels three and four.
The single-channel instrument has essentially the sa
me keys but they are arranged quite
differently to suit the half-rack case. There are drawings of all three models at the end of
this manual.
The set-up and operation of an individual channel in any of the instruments is identical
and therefore no distinction is
made between the different models when describing the
functions associated with any single channel.
Those features associated with multi-channel operation (inter-channel summing, phase-
locking, etc.)
self-evidently apply only to the multi-channel instruments; the relevant
chapters are mostly grouped together towards the end of the manual (but before Remote
Operation) although some mention of multi-channel operation is made when appropriate
in earlier sections. To avoid repetition specific reference is not always made to two- and
four-channel instruments in the text; it is obvious when the description applies only to a
multi-channel instrument.
Features
These synthesized programmable arbitrary waveform generators have the following
features:
• 1, 2
or 4 independent 'arb' channels
• Sam
pling frequency up to 40 MHz
• Sine waves and square waves up to
16 MHz
• 12-bit vertical
resolution
• 64K poi
nts horizontal resolution per channel
• 256K point non-volatile waveform
memory
• Waveform
linking, looping and sequencing
• Inter-channel triggering, summing,
modulation and phase control
• GPIB and RS232 i
nterfaces
A combination of direct digital synthesis and phase lock loop techniques provides high
performance
and extensive facilities in compact instruments. These instruments can
generate a wide variety of waveforms between 0.1 mHz and 16 MHz with high resolution
and accuracy.
You can define arbitrary waveforms with 12 bit vert
ical resolution and from 4 to 65,536
horizontal points. In addition a number of standard waveforms are available including
sine, square, triangle, ramp and pulse.
You can replay arbitrary waveforms at a user specified waveform
frequency or period, or
you can define the sample rate in terms of period or frequency.
The instruments provide extensive waveform editing features bet
ween defined start and
end points, including waveform insert, point edit, line draw, amplitude adjust and invert.
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Introduction and Specifications
Introduction 1
1-3
The supplied Windows™-based arbitrary waveform creation software gives access to
more comprehensive features, allowing you to create waveforms from mathematical
expressions, from combinations of other waveforms, freehand, or using a combination of
all three techniques. Waveforms created in this way are downloaded via the RS232 or
GPIB interface.
Up to 100 waveforms may be stored, each with a user-specified length and name.
Wavefor
ms may be strung together to form a sequence of up to 16 steps. Each waveform
may have a user defined repeat count from 1 to 32,768.
All waveforms can be swept over their full frequency
range at a rate variable between 30
milliseconds and 15 minutes. Sweeps can be linear or logarithmic, single or continuous.
Single sweeps can be triggered from the front panel, the trigger input, or from the digital
interfaces. A sweep marker is provided.
Amplitude modulation is available for all waveform
s and is controlled from the previous
channel or from an external generator via the MODULATION input socket.
Signal summing is available for all waveforms and is driven from
the previous channel or
from an external generator via the SUM input socket.
All waveforms are available as a triggered burst, whereby each active edge of the trigger
signal will produce one burst of the carrier. The number of cy
cles in the burst can be set
between 1 and 1,048,575.
The gated mode turns the output signal on when the gating signal is true and off when it
is false.
Both triggered and gated modes can be operated from
the previous or next channel, from
the internal trigger generator (0.005 Hz to 100 kHz), from an external source (dc to
1 MHz) or by a key press or remote command.
Any number of channels can be phase locked with the phase angle under user control.
You can use this feature to generate
multi-phase waveforms or locked waveforms of
different frequencies.
If you need more signals than one instrument provides you can use the signals from the
REF IN/OUT and SYNC OUT sockets to phase lock two instruments.
The generator parameters are clearly display
ed on a backlit LCD with four rows of 20
characters. Soft-keys and sub menus are used to guide you through even the most
complex functions.
You can enter all parameters directly from the nu
meric keypad. Most parameters can
also be incremented or decremented using the rotary control. This system combines quick
and easy numeric data entry with quasi-analogue adjustment when required.
The generator has RS232 and GPIB interfaces as standard which can be used fo
r remote
control of all of the instrument functions or for the down-loading of arbitrary waveforms.
As well as operating in conventional RS232 mode the serial interface can also be used in
addressable
mode whereby you can link up to 32 instruments to a single PC serial port.
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Specifications
Specifications apply at 18-28ºC after 30 minutes warm-up, at maximum output into 50 Ω
Waveforms
Standard Waveforms
Sine, square, triangle, DC, positive ramp, negative ramp, sin(x)/x, pulse, pulse train,
cosine, haversine and havercosine.
Sine, Cosine, Haversine, Havercosine
Range: 0·1 mHz to 16 MHz
Resolution: 0·1 mHz or 7 digits
Accuracy: 10 ppm for 1 year
Temperature stability: Typically <1 ppm/ºC.
Output level: 2.5 mV to 10 V p-p into 50 Ω
Harmonic distortion: <0.1% THD to 100 kHz
<–65 dBc to
20 kHz
<–50 dBc to 300 kHz
<–35 dBc to 10 MHz
<–30 dBc to 16 MHz
Non-harmonic spurious: <–65 dBc to 1 MHz,
<–65 dBc + 6
dB/octave 1 MHz to 16 MHz
Square
Range: 1 mHz to 16 MHz
Resolution: 1 mHz (4 digits)
Accuracy: ±1 digit of setting
Output level: 2.5 mV to 10 V p-p into 50 Ω
Rise and fall times: <25 ns
Triangle
Range: 0.1 mHz to 100 kHz
Resolution: 0.1 mHz or 7 digits
Accuracy: 10 ppm for 1 year
Output level: 2.5 mV to 10 V p-p into 50 Ω
Linearity error: <0.1 % to 30 kHz
Ramps and Sin(x)/x
Range: 0.1 mHz to 100 kHz
Resolution: 0.1 mHz (7 digits)
Accuracy: 10 ppm for 1 year
Output level: 2.5 mV to 10 V p-p into 50 Ω
Linearity error: <0.1 % to 30 kHz
Pulse and Pulse Train
Output level: 2.5 mV to 10 V p-p into 50 Ω
Rise and fall times: <25 ns
Period:
range:
resolution:
accura
cy:
100
ns to 100 s
4-digit
±1 digit of setting
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Specifications 1
1-5
Delay:
range:
resolution:
-99·99 s to + 99·99 s
0·002 % of period or 25 ns, whichever is greater
Width:
range:
resolution:
25 ns to
99·99 s
0·002 % of period or 25 ns, whichever is greater
Note that the pulse width and absolute value of the delay
may not exceed the pulse period
at any time.
Pulse trains of up to 10 pulses may be specified, ea
ch pulse having independently defined
width, delay and level. The baseline voltage is separately defined and the sequence
repetition rate is set by the pulse train period.
Arbitrary
Up to 100 user defined waveforms may be stored in the 256K poi
nt non-volatile RAM.
Waveforms can be defined by front panel editing controls or by downloading of
waveform data via RS232 or GPIB.
Waveform memory size: 64K points per channel. Maxim
um waveform size is 64K
points, minimum waveform size is 4 points
Vertical resolution: 12 bits
Sample clock range: 100 mHz to 40 MHz
Resolution: 4 digits
Accuracy: ± 1 digit of setting
Sequence
Up to 16 waveforms may be linked.
Each waveform
may have a loop count of up to 32,768.
A sequence of waveforms can be looped up to 1,048,575 times or run continuously.
Output Filter
Selectable between 16 MHz elliptic, 10 MHz elliptic, 10 MHz Bessel, or none.
Operating Modes
Triggered Burst
Each active edge of the trigger signal produces one burst of the waveform
.
Carrier waveforms: All standard and arbitrary
Maximum carrier
frequency
:
The smaller of 1 MHz or the maximum for the selected
waveform.
40 M samples/s for arb and sequence.
Number of cycles: 1 to 1,048,575
Trigger repetition rate: 0.005 Hz to 100 kHz internal
DC to 1 MHz external.
Trigger signal source: Internal from keyboard,
previous channel, next channel or
trigger generator.
External from TRIG IN or remote interface.
Trigger start/stop phase: ± 360 ° settable with 0.1 ° resolution, subject to waveform
frequency
and type.
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Gated
Waveform runs while the gate signal is true and stops
while false.
Carrier waveforms: All standard and arbitrary.
Maximum carrier
frequency
:
The smaller of 1 MHz or the maximum for the selected
waveform.
40 M samples/s for arb and Sequence.
Trigger repetition rate: 0.005 Hz to 100 kHz internal
DC to 1 MHz external.
Gate signal source: Internal from keyboard, previous channel, next channel or
trigger generator.
External from TRIG IN or remote interface.
Gate start/stop phase: ± 360 ° settable with 0.1 ° resolution, subject to waveform
frequency
and type.
Sweep
Frequency sweep capability is provided for bot
h standard and arbitrary waveforms.
Arbitrary waveforms are expanded or condensed to exactly 4096 points and DDS
techniques are used to perform the sweep.
Carrier waveforms: All standard and arbitrary except pulse, pulse train and
sequence.
Sweep mode: Linear or logarithm
ic, triggered or continuous.
Sweep direction: Up, down, up/down or down/up.
Sweep range: From 1 mHz to 16 MHz in one range.
Phase continuous.
Independent s
etting of start and stop frequency.
Sweep time: 30 ms to 999 s (3 digit resolution).
Marker: Variable during sweep.
Sweep trigger source: The sweep may be free run, triggered manually from the
keyboard,
or triggered externally from the TRIG IN input or
the rem
ote interface.
Sweep hold:
Sweep can be held and restarted by the HOLD key.
Multi channel sweep: Any number of channels may
be swept simultaneously but
the sweep parameters will be the same for all channels.
Amplitude, offset and waveform can be set independently
for each channel.
Tone Switching
Capability provided for both standard and arbitrar
y waveforms. Arbitrary waveforms are
expanded or condensed to exactly 4096 points and DDS techniques are used to allow
instantaneous frequency switching.
Carrier waveforms: All waveforms except pulse, pulse train and sequence.
Frequency list: Up to 16 frequencies from 1 mHz to 10 MHz.
Trigger repetition rate: 0.005 Hz to 100 kHz internal
DC to 1 MHz external.
Usable repetit
ion rate and waveform frequency depend on
the tone switching mode.
Source: Internal from
keyboard, previous channel, next channel or
trigger generator.
External from TRIG IN or remote interface.
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Introduction and Specifications
Specifications 1
1-7
Tone switching modes:
gated:
The tone is output while the trigger signal is true, and
stopped at the end of the current waveform cycle, while the
trigger signal is false.
The next tone is output when the trigger signal is true again.
triggered: The tone is output when the trigger signal goes true.
The next tone
is output, at the end of the current waveform
cycle, when the trigger signal goes true again.
FSK: The tone is output when the trigger signal goes true.
The next tone
is output, immediately, when the trigger
signal goes true again.
You can generate DTMF test signals by
summing the outputs of two channels.
Trigger Generator
Internal source 0.005 Hz to 100 kHz square wave,
adjustable in 10 µs steps. 3 digit
resolution. Available for external use from any SYNC OUT socket.
Outputs
Main Output - one for each channel
Output impedance: 50 Ω
Amplitude: 5 mV to 20 V p-p open circuit
(2.5 m
V to 10 V p-p into 50 Ω).
Amplitude can be specified open circuit (hi Z) or into an
assumed load of 50 Ω or 600 Ω in V p-p, V rms or dBm.
Amplitude accuracy: 2 % ±1 mV at 1 kHz into 50 Ω
.
Amplitude flatness: ±0.2 dB to 200 kHz;
±
1 dB to 10 MHz;
±2.5 dB to 16 MHz.
DC offset range: ±10 V
(DC offset plus signal peak lim
ited to ±10 V from 50 Ω)
DC offset accuracy: Typically 3% ±10 mV, unattenuated.
Resolution: 3 digits for both amplitude and dc offset.
Sync Out - one for each channel
Multifunction output user definable or automatically
selected to be any of the following:
Waveform sync:
(all wavefor
ms)
A square wave with 50% duty cycle at the main waveform
frequency, or a pulse coincident with the first few points of
an arbitrary waveform.
Position markers:
(arbitrary
only)
Any point(s) on the waveform may have associated marker
bit(s) set high or low.
Burst done: Produces a pulse coincident with the last cycle of a burst.
Sequence sync: Produces a pulse coincident with the end of a waveform
sequence.
Trigger: Selects the current trigger signal. Useful for synchronizing
burst or gated
signals.
Sweep sync: Outputs a pulse at the start of a sweep to synchronize an
oscilloscope or recorder.
Phase lock out: Used to phase lock two generators. Produces a positive edge
at the 0 ° pha
se point.
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Output signal level: TTL/CMOS logic levels from typically 50 Ω
Cursor/Marker Out
Adjustable output pulse for use as a marker in sweep mode or as a cursor in arbitrary
waveform
editing mode. Can be used to modulate the Z-axis of an oscilloscope or be
displayed on a second oscilloscope channel.
Output Signal Level: Adjustable from nominally 2 to 14 V, normal or inverted;
adjustable width as a cursor.
Output Impedance: 600 Ω
typical
Inputs
Trig In
Frequency range: DC to 1 MHz.
Signal range: Threshold nominally
TTL level; max input ±10 V
Minimum pulse width: 50 ns, for trigger and gate modes;
50 µs for sweep m
ode.
Polarity: Selectable as high/risin
g edge or low/falling edge.
Input impedance: 10 kΩ
Modulation In
Frequency range: DC to 100 kHz.
Signal range: VCA: Approximately 1 V
p-p for 100 % level change at
maximum output.
SCM: Approximately ± 1 V pk for maximum output.
Input impedance: Typically 1 kΩ
Sum In
Frequency range: DC to 8 MHz
Signal range: Approximately 2 V p-p input for 20 V p-p output.
Input impedance: Typically 1 kΩ
Hold
Holds an arbitrary waveform at its current position. A
TTL low level or switch closure
causes the waveform to stop at the current position and wait until a TTL high level or
switch opening which allows the waveform to continue. The front panel MAN HOLD
key
or a remote command may also be used to control the hold function. While held the
front panel MAN TRIG key or remote command may be used to return the waveform to
the start. The HOLD input may be enabled independently for each channel.
Input impedance: 10 kΩ
Ref Clock In/Out
Set to input: Input for an external 10MHz reference clock.
TTL/CMOS threshold level.
Set to output: Buffered version of the internal 10 MHz clock.
Output levels nom
inally 1 V and 4 V from 50 Ω
Set to phase lock:
Used together with SYNC OUT on a master and TRIG IN
on a slave to synchronize (phase lock) two separate
generators.
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Specifications 1
1-9
Inter-channel Operation
Inter-channel Modulation
The waveform from any channel may be used to amplitude modulate (AM) or suppressed
carrier
modulate (SCM) the next channel. Alternatively any number of channels may be
modulated (AM or SCM) with the signal at the MODULATION input socket.
Carrier frequency: Entire range for selected waveform.
Carrier waveforms: All standard and arbitrary waveforms.
Modulation types:
AM:
SCM:
Double sideb
and with carrier.
Double sideband suppressed carrier.
Modulation source: Internal from the previous channel.
External from the m
odulation input socket.
The external modulation signal may be applied to any
number of channels simultaneously.
Frequency range: DC to >100 kHz.
Internal AM:
depth:
resolution:
carrier
suppression:
0 %
to 105 %
1 %
SCM: better than -40 dB.
External modulation
signal range:
VCA: Approximately 1 V p-p for 100 % level change at
maxim
um output.
SCM: Approximately ± 1 V pk for maximum output.
Inter-channel Analog Summing
Waveform summing sums the waveform from any
channel into the next channel.
Alternatively any number of channels may be summed with the signal at the SUM IN
socket.
Carrier frequency: Entire range for selected waveform.
Carrier waveforms: All standard and arbitrary waveforms.
Sum source: Internal from the previous channel.
External from SUM IN socket.
Frequency range: DC to >8 MHz.
External signal range: Approximately 5 V p-p input for 20 V p-p output.
Inter-channel Phase Locking
Two or more channels may be phase locked together.
Each locked channel may be
assigned a phase angle relative to the other locked channels. Arbitrary waveforms and
waveform sequences may be phase locked but certain constraints apply to waveform
lengths and clock frequency ratios. With one channel assigned as the master and other
channels as slaves a frequency change on the master will be repeated on each slave. This
allows easy generation of multi-phase waveforms at the same frequency.
DDS waveforms are those with seven digits of freque
ncy setting resolution, while non-
DDS waveforms have four digits
Phase resolution:
DDS
waveforms:
non-DDS waveforms:
0.1 °
0.1 ° or 360 ° divided by the number of points,
whichever is the greater
Phase error:
all
waveforms:
<±10 ns
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The signals from the REF IN/OUT socket and the SYNC OUT socket can be used to
phase lock two instruments where more than 4 channels are required.
Inter-channel Triggering
Any channel can be triggered by the previous or next channel.
The previous/next connections can be used to "dais
y chain" a trigger signal from a "start"
channel, through a number of channels in the chain to an "end" channel. Each channel
receives the trigger out signal from the previous (or next) channel, and drives its selected
trigger out to the next (or previous) channel. The "end" channel trigger out can be set up
to drive the "start" channel, closing the loop.
In this way, complex and versatile inter-channel trigger schemes
may be set up. Each
channel can have its trigger out and its output waveform set up independently. Trigger
out may be selected from waveform end, position markers, sequence sync or burst done.
Using the scheme above it is possible to create a sequ
ence of up to 64 waveform
segments, each channel producing up to 16 segments and all channels being summed to
produce the complete waveform at the output of channel 4.
Interfaces
Full remote control facilities are available through the RS232 or GPIB interfaces.
RS232 Variable Baud rate, 9600 Baud maximum.
9-pin D-conn
ector.
IEEE-488 Conforms with IEEE488.1 and IEEE488.2
General
Display: 20 character x 4 row alphanumeric LCD.
Data Entry: Keyboard selection of mode, waveform etc.
Value entry
direct by numeric keys or by rotary control.
Stored Settings: Up to 9 complete instru
ment set-ups may be stored and
recalled from battery-backed memory.
Up to 100 arbitrary waveforms can also be stored
independent of the instrument settings.
Operating Range: +5 °C to +40 °C, 20-80 % RH
Storage Range: -20 °C to +60 °C.
Environmental: Indoor use at altitudes up to 2000 m,
Pollution Degree 2.
Options: 19 inch rack mounting kit.
Safety: Complies with EN61010-1.
EMC: Complies with EN61326.
Power: 100 V, 110 V-120 V or 220 V-240 V AC ±10 %, 50/60 Hz,
adjustable internally
; Installation category II
Model 281
40 VA maximum
Model 282
75 VA maximum
Model 284
100 VA maximum
Size: height 3U (130 mm)
width 21
2 mm
depth 335mm
height 3U (130 mm)
width 350 mm
depth 335 mm
height 3U (130 mm)
width 350 mm
depth 335 mm
Weight: 4.1kg (9lb) 7.2 kg (16 lb) 7.2 kg (16 lb)
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2-1
Chapter 2
Installation
Mains Operating Voltage................................................................................... 2-2
Fuse.................................................................................................................... 2-2
Mains Lead ........................................................................................................ 2-2
Mounting............................................................................................................ 2-2
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Mains Operating Voltage
Check that the instrument operating voltage marked on the rear panel is correct for the
local supply. If it is necessary to change the operating voltage, follow the procedure
described in appendix A.
Fuse
Ensure that the correct mains fuse is fitted for the set operating voltage. The correct
mains fuse types are listed in Appendix A.
Mains Lead
Warning
To avoid the possibility of electric shock, this instrument must
be earthed. Any interruption of the mains earth conductor
inside or outside the instrument will make the instrument
dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited. The protective
action must not be negated by the use of an extension cord
without a protective conductor.
When a three core mains lead with bare ends is provided it should be connected as
follows:-
Brown Mains Live
Blue Mains Neutral
Green / Yellow Mains Earth
Mounting
This instrument is suitable both for bench use and rack mounting. It is delivered with feet
for bench mounting. The front feet include a tilt mechanism for optimal panel angle.
A rack kit for mounting in a 19” rack is available from the manufacturers.
2-2
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3-1
Chapter 3
Connections
Introduction........................................................................................................ 3-2
Front Panel Connections.................................................................................... 3-2
MAIN OUT ................................................................................................... 3-2
SYNC OUT ................................................................................................... 3-2
TRIG IN ........................................................................................................ 3-3
SUM IN ......................................................................................................... 3-3
MODULATION IN....................................................................................... 3-3
Rear Panel Connections ..................................................................................... 3-3
REF CLOCK IN/OUT................................................................................... 3-3
HOLD IN....................................................................................................... 3-4
CURSOR/MARKER OUT............................................................................ 3-4
RS232 ............................................................................................................ 3-4
GPIB (IEEE-488) .......................................................................................... 3-5
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Introduction
This chapter describes the front- and rear-panel connections and their functions.
Front Panel Connections
MAIN OUT (1 per channel)
MAIN OUT is the 50 Ω output from the channel’s main generator. It provides up to 20 V
p-p into an open circuit or 10 V p-p into a matched 50 Ω load. It can tolerate a short
circuit for 60 seconds.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages to these outputs.
SYNC OUT (1 per channel)
SYNC OUT provides a TTL/CMOS level output which may be set to any of the
following signals from the SYNC OUT screen.
waveform sync A sync marker phase-coincident with the MAIN OUT
waveform of that channel. For standard waveforms, (sine,
cosine, haversine/cosine, square, triangle, sin(x)/x and ramp),
the sync marker is a square wave with a 1:1 duty cycle, the
rising edge at the 0 º phase point and the falling edge at the
180 º phase point. For arbitrary waveforms the sync marker is
a positive pulse coincident with the first few points (addresses)
of the waveform.
position marker When pos’n marker is selected, the instrument generates
a pulse marker pattern for arbitrary waveforms. The pulse
pattern is programmable from the edit waveform menu
on the MODIFY screen.
When the MAIN OUT waveform is a standard waveform
pos'n marker automatically changes to phase zero
which is a narrow (1 clock) pulse output at the start of each
standard waveform cycle.
Burst done Provides a signal during gate or trigger modes which is low
while the waveform is active at the main output, high at all
other times.
Sequence sync Provides a signal which is low during the last cycle of the last
waveform in a sequence, high at all other times.
Trigger Provides a positive going version of the trigger signal.
Internal, external, manual and remote all produce a trigger
sync.
Sweep sync Goes high at the start of the sweep, goes low at the end of the
sweep.
Phase lock Produces a positive edge coincident with the start of the
current waveform. This is used for phase locking instruments.
3-2
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Connections
Rear Panel Connections 3
SYNC OUT logic levels are nominally 0 V and +5V from typically 50 Ω.
SYNC OUT will withstand a short circuit.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages to this output.
TRIG IN
TRIG IN is the external input for trigger, gate, sweep and sequence operations. It is also
the input used to synchronize the generator as a slave to another generator which is the
master.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages exceeding ±10 V to this input.
SUM IN
SUM IN is the input socket for external signal summing. The channel(s) with which this
signal is to be summed are selected on the SUM screen.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages exceeding ±10 V to this input.
MODULATION IN
MODULATION IN is the input socket for external modulation. Any number of channels
may be amplitude or suppressed-carrier modulated with this signal; the target channels
are selected on the MODULATION screen.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages exceeding ±10 V to this input.
Rear Panel Connections
REF CLOCK IN/OUT
The function of the REF CLOCK IN/OUT socket is set from the ref clock i/o
menu on the UTILITY screen, as described under "System Operations from the Utility
Menu".
input This is the default setting. The socket becomes an input for an
external 10 MHz reference clock. The system automatically switches
over from the internal clock when the external reference is applied.
output The internal 10 MHz clock is made available at the socket.
phase lock When two or more generators are synchronized the slaves are set to
phase lock slave and the master is set to phase lock
master.
3-3
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As an output the logic levels are nominally 1 V and 4 V from typically 50 Ω.
REF CLOCK IN/OUT will withstand a short-circuit.
As an input the threshold is TTL/CMOS compatible.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages exceeding ±10 V to this socket.
HOLD IN
HOLD IN controls the waveform hold function. The input impedance is nominally
10 kΩ.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages exceeding ±10 V to this input.
CURSOR/MARKER OUT
The CURSOR/MARKER OUT socket provides an output pulse for use as a marker in
sweep mode or as a cursor in arbitrary waveform editing mode. It can be used to
modulate the Z-axis of an oscilloscope or can be displayed on a second oscilloscope
channel. The output impedance is nominally 600 Ω and the signal level is adjustable from
2 to14 V (nominal) from the cursor/marker menu on the UTILITY screen, as
described in chapter 14, System Operations from the Utility Menu.
Caution
To avoid risk of damage to the instrument, do not apply
external voltages to this output.
RS232
The RS232 interface is on a 9-pin D-connector and is compatible with addressable
RS232 use. The pin connections are shown below:
Table 3-1. RS232 Pin Functions
Pin number Signal name Description
1 - No internal connection
2 TXD Transmitted data from instrument
3 RXD Received data to instrument
4 - No internal connection
5 GND Signal ground
6 - No internal connection
7 RXD2 Secondary received data
8 TXD2 Secondary transmitted data
9 GND Signal ground
3-4
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Connections
Rear Panel Connections 3
3-5
Pin 2, 3 and 5 may be used as a conventional RS232 interface with XON/XOFF
handshaking.
Pins 7, 8 and 9 are used when the instrument is operated in addressable
RS232 mode. Signal grounds are connected to the instrument ground. The RS232 address
is set from the remote menu on the UTILITY screen, as described in chapter 14,
System Operations from the Utility Menu.
GPIB (IEEE-488)
The GPIB interface is not isolated; the GPIB signal grounds are connected to the
instrument ground
.
The implemented subsets are:
SH1, AH1, T6, TE0, L4, LE0, SR1, RL1, PP1, DC1, DT1, C0, E2.
The GPIB address is set from the remote menu on the UTILITY screen, as described
chapter 14,
System Operations from the Utility Menu.
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4-1
Chapter 4
Initial Operation
Introduction........................................................................................................ 4-2
Initial Operation................................................................................................. 4-2
Switching On................................................................................................. 4-2
Display Contrast............................................................................................ 4-2
Keyboard ....................................................................................................... 4-2
Principles of Editing...................................................................................... 4-3
Principles of Operation...................................................................................... 4-5
Clock Synthesis Mode................................................................................... 4-5
DDS Mode..................................................................................................... 4-6
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Introduction
This section is a general introduction to the organization and principles of the instrument
and is intended to be read before using the generator for the first time. Detailed operation
is covered in later sections starting with chapter 5, Standard Waveform Operation.
In this Users
Manual front panel keys and sockets are shown in capitals, e.g. CREATE,
SYNC OUT; all soft-key labels, entry fields and messages displayed on the LCD are
shown in the
Courier type-font, e.g. STANDARD WAVEFORMS, sine.
Initial Operation
Switching On
The power switch is located at the bottom left of the front panel.
At power-up the generator displays the installed software revision whilst loading its
waveform
RAM. If an error is encountered the message SYSTEM RAM ERROR,
CHECK BATTERY will be displayed. If this happens, refer to appendix B, W
arnings
and Error Messages.
Loading takes a few seconds, after which the status screen is display
ed, showing the
generator parameters set to their default values, with the MAIN OUT outputs set to off.
The power-up settings may be preset to those at power-down or to any of the stored
settings; chapter 14, System Operations from the Utility Menu explains how to
do this.
You can recall the status screen at any time with the STATUS key; a second press
returns the display
to the previous screen.
On multi-channel instruments the status shown is that
of the channel selected by the
SETUP keys; this is the channel currently enabled for
editing and is always the last
channel selected, whether power has been switched off or not. You can change the basic
generator parameters for the selected channel as described in chapter 5, and you can
switch the output on with the MAIN OUT key; the ON lamp will light to show that
output
is on.
Display Contrast
All parameter settings are displayed on the 20 character x 4 row backlit liquid crystal
display (LCD). The contrast may
vary a little with changes of ambient temperature or
viewing angle but can be optimized for a particular environment by using the front panel
contrast control. Insert a small screwdriver or trimmer tool through the adjustment
aperture marked LCD and rotate the control for optimum contrast.
Keyboard
Pressing the front panel keys displays screens which list parameters or choices relative to
the key pressed. Selections are then
made using the display soft-keys. Numeric values
are changed using either the numeric keys or the rotary control, as described later in this
chapter under Principles of Editing.
The keys are grouped as follows:
• WAVE SELECT keys call screens from which all standard or already defined
arbitrary
waveforms can be selected.
• WAVE EDIT keys call screens from which arbitrary waveforms can be created and
m
odified.
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Initial Operation
Initial Operation 4
4-3
• FREQuency, AMPLitude, OFFSET and MODE keys display screens which permit
their respective parameters to be edited either from the numeric keypad or using the
rotary control/cursor keys.
• Nu
meric keys permit direct entry of a value for the parameter currently selected.
Values are accepted in three formats: integer (20), floating point (20·0) and
exponential (2 EXP 1).
For example, to set a new frequency of 50 kHz, press FREQ followed by 50000
ENTER or 5 EXP 4 ENTER.
ENTER confirms the numeric entry and changes the generator setting to t
he new
value.
• CE (clear entry) undoes a numeric entry digit by digit. ESCAPE returns a setting
being edited t
o its last value.
• MODULATION, SUM, TRIG IN and SYNC OUT call screens from which the
parameters of those input/
outputs can be set, including whether the port is on or off.
SWEEP similarly calls a screen from which all the sweep parameters an be set.
• Each channel has a key
which directly switches the MAIN OUT of that channel on
and off.
• MAN TRIG is used for manual triggering (when TRIG IN is appropriately set) and
for synchroni
zing two or more generators when suitably connected together. MAN
HOLD is used to manually pause arbitrary waveform output and sweep; the output is
held at the level it was at
when MAN HOLD was pressed.
• UTILITY gives access to menus for a variety of functions such as remote control
interface set-
up, power-up parameters, error message settings and store/recall set-ups
to/from non-volatile memory; the STORE and RECALL keys can also be used to
directly
access the non-volatile stores.
• The INTER CHannel and COPY CHannel keys (multi-channel instruments only)
directly
call screens from which channel-to-channel phase locking and set-up
copying can be controlled.
• The SETUP keys (multi-channel instruments only) select the channel to be edited;
the la
mp lights beside the channel currently enabled for editing.
• Eight soft-ke
ys around the display are used to directly set or select parameters from
the currently displayed menu; their operation is described in more detail in the next
section.
• The STATUS key always returns the display to the default start-up screen which
gives an overview of the generator's status. Pressing STATUS again returns the
display to the
previous screen.
Further explanations will be found in the detailed descriptions of t
he generator’s
operation.
Principles of Editing
Each screen called up by pressing a front panel ke
y shows parameter value(s) and/or a list
of choices. Parameter values can be edited by using the rotary control in combination
with the left and right arrowed cursor keys, or by direct numeric keyboard entry; choices
are made using the soft-key associated with the screen item to be selected. The examples
which follow assume factory default settings.
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Note
On multi-channel instruments the channel to be edited must first be selected
by pressing the appropriate SETUP key; the lamp lights beside the
SETUP key of the channel currently enabled for editing.
A diamond beside a screen item indicates that it is selectable; hollow diamonds (
)
identify deselected items and filled diamonds (
) denote selected items. For example,
press MODE to get the screen shown below:
MODE:
continuous
gated setup…
triggered setup…
The filled diamond indicates that the selected mode is continuous. Gated or
triggered modes are selected by pressing the associated soft-key which will make
the diamond beside that item filled and the diamond beside continuous hollow. This
screen also illustrates how an ellipsis (three dots following the screen text) indicates that
a further screen follows when that item is selected. In the case of the MODE screen
illustrated, pressing the setup… soft-key on the bottom line brings up the TRIGGER
SETUP menu; note that selecting this item does not change the continuous /
gated / triggered selection.
Some screen items are marked with a double-headed arrow (
) when selected to indicate
that the item’s setting can be changed by further presses of the soft-key, by pressing
either cursor key or by using the rotary control. For example, pressing FILTER brings
up the screen shown below.
FILTER SETUP
mode: auto
type: 10MHz eliptic
Repeated presses of the mode soft-key will toggle the mode between its two possible
settings of auto and manual. Similarly, when type is selected, repeated presses of
the type soft-key (or cursor keys or use of the rotary control) will step the selection
through all possible settings of the filter type.
In addition to their use in editing items identified by a double-headed arrow as described
above, the cursor keys and the rotary control operate in two other modes.
In screens with lists of items that can be selected (i.e. items marked with a diamond) the
cursor keys and rotary control are used to scroll all items through the display if the list
has more than three items; look, for example at the STD (standard waveform) and
UTILITY screens.
In screens where a parameter with a numeric value is displayed the cursor keys move the
edit cursor (a flashing underline) through the numeric field and the rotary control will
increment or decrement the value; the step size is determined by the position of the edit
cursor within the numeric field.
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Initial Operation
Principles of Operation 4
Thus for STANDARD FREQUENCY set to 1.000000 MHz rotating the control will
change the frequency in 1 kHz steps. The display will auto-range up or down as the
frequency is changed, provided that autoranging permits the increment size to be
maintained; this will in turn determine the lowest or highest setting that can be achieved
by turning the control. In the example above, the lowest frequency that can be set by
rotating the control is 1 kHz, shown on the display as 1
.000000 kHz.
This is the limit because to show a lower frequency the display would need to autorange
below 1 kHz to x
xx.xxx Hz, in which the most significant digit represents 100Hz, i.e.
the 1 kHz increment would be lost. If, however, the starting frequency had been set to
1.0000
00 MHz, i.e. a 100 Hz increment, the display would have autoranged at 1 kHz
to 9
00.0000 Hz and could then be decremented further to 000.0000 Hz without
losing the 100 Hz increment.
Turning the control quickly will step numeric values in multiple increments.
Principles of Operation
The instrument operates in one of two different modes depending on the waveform
selected. Direct digital synthesis (DDS) mode is used for sine, cosine, haversine, triangle,
sin(x)/x and ramp waveforms. Clock synthesis mode is used for square, pulse, pulse train,
arbitrary and sequence.
In both modes the waveform data is stored in RAM. As the RAM address is incremented
the values are output sequentially to a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) which
reconstructs the waveform as a series of voltages steps which are subsequently filtered
before being passed to the MAIN OUT connector.
shb0005f.emf
Figure 4-1. Single-Channel Simplified Block Diagram
The main differences between DDS and clock synthesis modes are the way in which the
addresses are generated for the RAM and the length of the waveform data.
Clock Synthesis Mode
In clock synthesis mode the addresses are always sequential (an increment of one) and
the clock rate is adjusted by the user in the range 40 MHz to 0·1 Hz. The frequency of the
waveform is the clock frequency divided by the waveform length, thus allowing short
waveforms to be played out at higher repetition rates than long waveforms.
For example the maximum frequency of a 4 point waveform is 40,000,000÷4 or 10 MHz,
but a 1000 point waveform has a maximum frequency of 40,000,000÷1000 or 40 kHz.
Arbitrary waveforms have a user defined length of 4 to 65,536 points. Square waves use
a fixed length of 2 points and pulse and pulse train have their length defined by the user
selected period value.
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shb0006f.emf
Figure 4-2. Clock Synthesis Mode
DDS Mode
In DDS mode all waveforms are stored in RAM as 4096 points. The frequency of the
output waveform is determined by the rate at which the RAM addresses are changed. The
address changes are generated as follows:
The RAM contains the amplitude values of all the individual points of one cycle (360 º)
of the waveform; each sequential address change corresponds to a phase increment of the
waveform of 360/4096 degrees. Instead of using a counter to generate sequential RAM
addresses, a phase accumulator is used to increment the phase.
shb0007f.emf
Figure 4-3. Direct Digital Synthesis Mode
On each clock cycle the phase increment, which has been loaded into the phase increment
register by the CPU, is added to the current result in the phase accumulator; the 12 most
significant bits of the phase accumulator drive the lower 12 RAM address lines, the upper
4 RAM address lines being held low. The output waveform frequency is now determined
by the size of the phase increment at each clock. If each increment is the same size then
the output frequency is constant; if it changes, the output frequency changes as in sweep
mode.
The generator uses a 38 bit accumulator and a clock frequency which is 2
38
x 10
-4
(approximately 27·4878 MHz); this yields a frequency resolution of 0·1 mHz.
Only the 12 most significant bits of the phase accumulator are used to address the RAM.
At a waveform frequency equal to the clock frequency divided by 4096, approximately
6·7 kHz, the natural frequency, the RAM address increments at every clock. At all
frequencies below this (i.e. at smaller phase increments) one or more addresses are output
for more than one clock period because the phase increment is not big enough to step the
address at every clock. Similarly at frequencies above the natural frequency the larger
phase increment causes some addresses to be skipped, giving the effect of the stored
waveform being sampled; different points will be sampled on successive cycles of the
waveform.
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5-1
Chapter 5
Standard Waveform Operation
Introduction........................................................................................................ 5-2
Standard Waveform Operation .......................................................................... 5-2
Setting Generator Parameters ............................................................................ 5-2
Waveform Selection ...................................................................................... 5-2
Frequency ...................................................................................................... 5-2
Amplitude...................................................................................................... 5-3
DC Offset ...................................................................................................... 5-4
Warning and Error Messages............................................................................. 5-5
SYNC Output..................................................................................................... 5-6
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Introduction
This section deals with the use of the instrument as a standard function generator, i.e.
generating sine, square, triangle, dc, ramp, haversine, cosine, havercosine and sin(x)/x
waveforms. All but the square wave are generated by DDS which gives 7-digit frequency
precision; the square wave is generated by clock synthesis which results in only 4-digit
frequency resolution. Refer to Principles of Operation in the previous chapter for an
explanation of the differences.
Standard Waveform Operation
The STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen also includes arbitrary and sequence for
simplicity of switching between these and standard waveforms; they do, however, have
their own screens (accessed by pressing ARB and SEQUENCE respectively) and are
described in detail in their appropriate sections. Pulse and pulse-train are also accessed
from the standard waveforms screen but are sufficiently different to justify their own
section in this manual.
Most of the following descriptions of amplitude and offset control, as well as of mode,
sweep, etc., in following sections, apply to arbitrary and sequence as well as standard
waveforms; for clarity, any differences of operation with arbitrary, sequence, pulse and
pulse-train are described only in the appropriaite sections.
Setting Generator Parameters
Waveform Selection
Pressing the STD key gives the STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen which lists all the
waveforms available:
STANDARD WAVEFORMS
sine
square
triangle
The rotary control or cursor keys can be used to scroll the full list back and forward
through the display. The currently selected waveform (sine, with the factory defaults
setting) is indicated by the filled diamond; the selection is changed by pressing the soft-
key beside the required waveform.
Frequency
Pressing the FREQ key gives the STANDARD FREQUENCY screen:
STANDARD FREQUENCY
10.00
000 kHz
freq period
With freq selected as shown above, the frequency can be entered directly from the
keyboard in integer, floating point or exponential format. For example, 12·34 kHz can be
entered as 12340, 12340·00, or 1·234 exp 4, etc. However, the display will
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Standard Waveform Operation
Setting Generator Parameters 5
always show the entry in the most appropriate engineering units, in this case
12·34000 kHz.
With period selected instead of freq the frequency can be set in terms of a period,
for example 123·4µs can be entered as ·0001234 or 123·4 exp -6; again the display
will always show the entry in the most appropriate engineering units. Note that the
precision of a period entry is restricted to 6 digits; 7 digits are displayed but the least
significant is always zero. The hardware is programmed in terms of frequency, so that
when you make a period entry the synthesized frequency is the nearest equivalent value
that the frequency resolution and a 6-digit conversion calculation gives. If the frequency
is displayed after a period entry the value may differ from the expected value because of
these considerations. Further, once the setting has been displayed as a frequency,
converting back again to display period will give an exact 6-digit equivalent of the 7-digit
frequency, but this may differ from the period value originally entered.
Square waves, generated by clock synthesis, provides 4-digit resolution for both
frequency and period entry but the hardware is still programmed in terms of frequency
and the same differences may occur in switching the display from period to frequency
and back to period.
Turning the rotary control will increment or decrement the numeric value in steps
determined by the position of the edit cursor (flashing underline); the cursor is moved
with the left- and right-arrowed cursor keys.
Note that the upper frequency limits vary for the different waveform types; refer to the
Specifications section for details.
Frequency setting for arbitrary, sequence pulse and pulse-train is explained in the
relevant sections.
Amplitude
Pressing the AMPL key gives the AMPLITUDE screen:
AMPLITUDE:
+2
0.0 Vpp
Vpp Vrms
dBm load:hiZ
The waveform amplitude can be set in terms of peak-to-peak volts (Vpp), rms volts
(Vrms) or dBm (referenced to a 50 Ω or 600 Ω load). For Vpp and Vrms the level can be
set assuming that the output is open-circuit (load:hiZ) or terminated (load:50Ω or
load:600Ω); when dBm is selected termination is always assumed and the
load:hiZ setting is automatically changed to load:50Ω. Note that the actual
generator output impedance is always 50 Ω; the displayed amplitude values for 600 Ω
termination take this into account.
With the appropriate form of the amplitude selected (indicated by the filled diamond) the
amplitude can be entered directly from the keyboard in integer, floating point or
exponential format. For example 250 mV can be entered as ·250 exp -3 or 250, etc.
The display will always show the entry in the most appropriate engineering units, in this
case 250 mV.
Turning the rotary control will increment or decrement the numeric value in steps
determined by the position of the edit cursor (flashing underline); the cursor is moved
with the left- and right-arrowed cursor keys.
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Alternate presses of the ± key will invert the signal at the MAIN OUT socket; if the
DC OFFSET is non-zero the signal is inverted about the same offset. The exception to
this occurs when the amplitude is specified in dBm. Since low level signals are specified
in dBm (0 dBm = 1 mW into 50 Ω = 0.224 mV rms) the - sign is interpreted as part of a
new amplitude entry and not as a command to invert the signal.
Note that for dc, sin(x)/x, pulse train, arbitrary and sequence, the amplitude can only be
displayed and entered in the Vpp form; further limitations on pulse-train, arbitrary and
sequence amplitude are discussed in the appropriate sections.
DC Offset
Pressing the OFFSET key gives the DC OFFSET screen:
DC OFFSET:
program +0.00 mVdc
(actual +0.00 mVdc)
load:hiZ
The offset can be entered directly from the keyboard in integer, floating point or
exponential format, for example 100 mV can be entered as ·1 or 100 exp -3, etc. The
display will always show the entry in the most appropriate engineering units, in this case
100mV. During a new offset entry the ± key can be used at any time to invert the offset;
alternate presses toggle the sign between + and -.
Turning the rotary control will increment or decrement the numeric value in steps
determined by the position of the edit cursor (flashing underline); the cursor is moved
with the left- and right-arrowed cursor keys. Because the dc offset can have negative
values, the rotary control can take the value below zero; although the display may
autorange to a higher resolution if a step takes the value close to zero, the increment size
is maintained correctly as the offset is stepped negative. For example, if the display
shows
program = +205· mVdc
with the cursor in the most significant digit, the rotary control will decrement the offset in
100 mV steps as follows:
program = +205· mVdc
program = +105· mVdc
program = +5·00 mVdc
program = -95·0 mVdc
program = -195· mVdc
The actual dc offset at the MAIN OUT socket is attenuated by the fixed-step output
attenuator when this is in use. Since it is not obvious when the signal is being attenuated
the actual offset is shown in brackets as a non-editable field below the programmed
value.
For example, if the amplitude is set to 2·5 V p-p the output is not attenuated by the fixed
attenuator and the actual dc offset (in brackets) is the same as that set.
The DC OFFSET display shows:
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Standard Waveform Operation
Warning and Error Messages 5
DC OFFSET:
program +1.50 Vdc
(actual +1.50 Vdc)
load:hiZ
If the amplitude is now reduced to, say, 250 mV pp, this introduces the attenuator and the
actual dc offset changes by the appropriate factor:
DC OFFSET:
program +1.50 Vdc
(actual +151 mVdc)
load:hiZ
The above display shows that the set DC offset is +1.50V but the actual offset is
+151mV.
Note
The actual offset value also takes into account the true attenuation provided
by the fixed attenuator, using the values determined during the calibration
procedure. In the example displayed the output signal is 250 mV p-p exactly
and takes account of the small error in the fixed attenuator; the offset is 151
mV (to three significant figures) and takes account of the effect of the
calibrated attenuation error on the set offset of 1.50 V.
Whenever the set dc offset is modified by a subsequent change in output level the display
shows a warning message. Similarly, settings which would result in peak offset+signal
levels outside the range ±10 V (and therefore clipping) generate a similar warning
message. There is additional information on these messages in the Warnings and Error
Messages section below.
The output attenuation is controlled intelligently to minimize the difference between the
programmed and actual offset when the combination of programmed amplitude and
offset allows this. Thus when the offset is set to 150 mV, for example, the amplitude can
be reduced to nominally 50 mV pp before the fixed attenuator causes the actual offset to
be different from the programmed value.
Warning and Error Messages
Two classes of message are displayed on the screen when an illegal combination of
parameters is attempted.
WARNING messages are shown when the entered setting causes some change which the
user might not necessarily expect, as in the following two examples:
1. Changing the amplitude from, for example, 2·5 V p-p to 25 mV p-p brings in the step
attenuator; if a non-zero offset has been set then this will also be attenuated. The message
DC OFFSET CHANGED BY AMPLITUDE will be shown temporarily on the screen
but the setting will be accepted; in this case the actual attenuated offset will be shown in
brackets below the set value.
2. With the output level set to 10 V p-p, increasing the dc offset beyond ± 5 V will
cause the message OFFSET + SUM + LEVEL MAY CAUSE CLIPPING. The
offset change will be accepted (producing a clipped waveform) and the user may then
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choose to change the output level or the offset to produce a signal which is not clipped.
The word (clip?) will show in the display beside AMPLITUDE or DC OFFSET
while the clipped condition exists.
ERROR messages are shown when an illegal setting is attempted, most generally a
number outside the range of values permitted. In this case the entry is rejected and the
parameter setting is left unchanged, as in the following three examples:
1. Entering a frequency of 1 MHz for a triangle waveform. The error message:
Frequency out of range for the selected waveform is shown.
2. Entering an amplitude of 25 V pp. The error message:
Maximum output level exceeded is shown.
3. Entering a DC offset of 20 V. The error message:
Maximum DC offset exceeded is shown.
The messages remain on the display for approximately two seconds. The last two
messages can be viewed again by pressing the last error… soft-key on the
UTILITY screen.
Each message has a number and the full list appears in appendix B.
The default set-up is for all warning and error messages to be displayed and for a beep to
sound with each message. This set-up can be changed on the error… menu on the
UTILITY screen. The error menu is shown below:
error beep: ON
error message: ON
warn beep: ON
warn message: ON
Each feature can be turned on and off with alternate presses of the associated soft-key;
the factory default is for all features to be on. If the setting is changed and is required for
future use it should be saved by changing the POWER ON SETTING on the
power on… menu of the UTILITY screen to restore last setup.
SYNC Output
SYNC OUT is a multifunction CMOS/TTL level output that can be automatically or
manually set to be any of the following:
waveform sync: A square wave with 50 % duty cycle at the main waveform
frequency, or a pulse coincident with the first few points of
an arbitrary waveform. Can be selected for all waveforms.
position marker: Can be selected for arbitrary waveforms only. Any point(s)
on the main waveform may have associated marker bit(s)
set high or low. When the MAIN OUT waveform is a
standard waveform position marker is not available
and this choice on the list automatically becomes
phase zero; if selected, phase zero produces a
narrow (1 clock) pulse at the start of each standard
waveform cycle.
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Standard Waveform Operation
SYNC Output 5
burst done: Produces a pulse coincident with the last cycle of the burst.
sequence sync: Produces a pulse coincident with the end of a waveform
sequence.
trigger: Selects the current trigger signal (internal, external,
adjacent channel or manual). Useful for synchronizing
burst or gated signals.
sweep sync: Outputs the sweep trigger signal.
phase lock: Used to lock two or more generators. Produces a positive
edge at the 0 º phase point.
The setting up of the signals themselves is discussed in the relevant sections later in this
manual, e.g. trigger is covered in chapter 7, Triggered Burst and Gate and position
markers in chapter 9, Arbitrary Waveform Generation.
Pressing the SYNC OUT key calls the SYNC OUT set-up screen:
SYNC OUT
output: on
mode: auto
src: waveform sync
SYNC OUT is turned on and off by alternate presses of the output soft-key.
The selection of the signal to be output from the SYNC OUT socket is made using the
src (source) soft-key; repeated presses of src cycle the selection through all the
choices (waveform sync, position marker, etc.) listed above. Alternatively,
with the src selected (double-headed arrow) the rotary control or cursor keys can be
used to step backwards and forwards through the choices.
The source selection of the SYNC OUT waveform can be made automatic (auto) or
user-defined (manual) with alternate presses of the mode soft-key. In automatic mode
the SYNC OUT waveform most appropriate for the current main waveform is selected.
For example, waveform sync is automatically selected for all continuous standard
and arbitrary waveforms, but trigger is selected in trigger or gated waveform
modes. The automatic selection will be mentioned in each of the appropriate main
waveform mode sections and a full table is given in appendix C.
The automatic selection can still be changed manually by the src soft-key even when
auto mode has been selected but the selection will immediately revert to the automatic
choice as soon as any relevant parameter (e.g. main waveform frequency or amplitude) is
adjusted. You must select manual with the mode soft-key for a source other than
the automatic choice to remain set. The auto selection will generally set the most
frequently used signal, for example waveform sync for all continuous main
waveforms, but you will need to use manual for any special requirements, such as
position markers on arbitrary waveforms.
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6-1
Chapter 6
Sweep Operation
Introduction........................................................................................................ 6-2
Principles of Sweep Operation...................................................................... 6-2
Connections for Sweep Operation................................................................. 6-2
Setting Sweep Parameters.................................................................................. 6-3
Sweep Range................................................................................................. 6-3
Sweep Time................................................................................................... 6-4
Sweep Type................................................................................................... 6-4
Manual Sweep............................................................................................... 6-5
Sweep Spacing............................................................................................... 6-6
Sweep Marker................................................................................................ 6-6
Sweep Hold ................................................................................................... 6-6
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6-2
Introduction
Principles of Sweep Operation
All standard and arbitrary waveforms can be swept with the exception of
pulse, pulse-
train and sequence. During sweep all waveforms are generated in DDS mode because this
offers the significant advantage of phase-continuous sweeps over a very wide frequency
range (up to 10
10
:1). However it must be remembered that the frequency is actually
stepped, not swept linearly, and thought needs to be given as to what the instrument is
actually doing when using extreme combinations of sweep range and time.
For DDS operation during sweep all waveforms must be 409
6 points in length; this is the
natural length for standard waveforms but all arbitrary waveforms are expanded or
compressed in software to 4096 points when sweep is turned on. The expansion or
compression leaves the original data unaffected.
Sweep mode is turned on and off by the on or off soft-key on the SWEEP SETUP
scre
en (accessed by pressing the SWEEP front panel key), or by the sweep soft-key
on the MODE screen. In multi-channel instruments two or more channels can be swept
at once but one set of swe
ep parameters applies to all the swept channels.
When sweep is switched on the software creates a table of 2048 frequencies between, and
including
, the specified start and stop values. For sweep times of 1·03 s and above the
sweep will step through all 2048 frequency values. Below 1·03 s, however, the frequency
sweep will contain fewer steps because of the minimum 0·5 ms dwell at each step; at the
shortest sweep time (30 ms) the sweep will contain only 60 steps.
Because any frequency used in sweep mode must be one of the tabled values, the centre
frequency
displayed (see Sweep Range) may not be the exact mid-point and markers (see
Sweep Marker) may not be exactly at the programmed frequencies. The frequency
resolution of the steps will be at its most coarse with wide sweeps at the fastest sweep
rate.
Connections for Sweep Operation
Sweeps are generally used with an oscilloscope or hard-copy
device to investigate the
frequency response of a device. The MAIN OUT is connected to the device input and the
device output
is connected to an oscilloscope or, for slow sweeps, a recorder.
An oscilloscope or recorder can be triggered by connecting its trigger input t
o the
generator’s SYNC OUT socket. This defaults to sweep sync when sweep is turned
on, going high at the start of sweep and lo
w at the end of the sweep. The low period is
sufficiently long to allow an oscilloscope to retrace.
To show a marker on the display instrument the rear panel CURSOR/MARKER OUT
socket should be connected to a second channel. It can also be used in the case of an
oscilloscope to m
odulate the Z-axis. See the Sweep Marker section below for information
on setting the marker frequency. The cursor/marker polarity and level is set up on the
cursor/marker… menu of the UTILITY screen, as described in chapter 14,
System Operations from the Utility Menu.
For triggered sweeps you must provide a trigger signal, either electrically at the front
panel TRIG IN socket, by a remote command or by manually pressing the MAN TRIG
key. The TRIG IN function automatically defaults to external when you select triggered
sweep. A sweep is initiated on the rising
edge of the trigger signal.
The generator does not provide a ramp output for use with X-Y display
s or recorders.
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Sweep Operation
Setting Sweep Parameters 6
Setting Sweep Parameters
Pressing the SWEEP key (or the sweep setup… soft-key on the MODE screen)
displays the SWEEP SETUP screen:
SWEEP SETUP: off
range… type…
time… spacing…
manual… marker…
Menus for setting up the range, time (sweep rate), type (continuous, triggered, etc.)
spacing (linear or logarithmic) and marker position are all accessed from this screen
using the appropriate soft-key. In addition the control screen for manual sweep (i.e.
sweeping using the rotary control or cursor keys) is selected from this screen and sweep
mode itself is turned on and off with alternate presses of the on/off soft-key.
Sweep can also be turned on by the sweep soft-key on the MODE screen. In multi-
channel instruments two or more channels can be swept at once using the same sweep
parameters. The channels to be swept are set on or off by selecting them in turn with the
appropriate SETUP key and then using the on/off soft-key of the SWEEP SETUP
screen.
On all the following menus, pressing the done soft-key returns the display to this
SWEEP SETUP screen.
Sweep Range
Pressing the range… soft-key calls the SWEEP RANGE screen:
SWEEP RANGE:
start: 100.0 kHz
stop: 10.00 MHz
centr/span done
The maximum sweep range for all waveforms is 1 mHz to 16 MHz, including triangle,
ramp and square wave (which have different limits in unswept operation).
You can define the sweep range in terms either of the start and stop frequencies or of the
centre frequency and span. start and stop soft-keys permit the two end points of
the sweep to be set directly from the keyboard or by using the rotary control; the start
frequency must be lower than the stop frequency (but see Sweep Type below for selecting
the sweep direction).
Pressing the centr/span soft-key changes the screen to permit entry in terms of
center frequency and sweep span about that frequency; pressing the start/stop
soft-key on that screen returns the display to the start and stop frequency form of entry.
Note that when the sweep is displayed in terms of centre frequency and span the span will
always be the exact difference between start and stop frequencies but the centre
frequency shown will be that of the frequency step nearest the true centre frequency, as
described in the section above, Principles of Sweep Operation.
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Sweep Time
Pressing the time… soft-key calls the SWEEP TIME screen:
SWEEP TIME:
0.05
sec
(steps=100)
done
The sweep time can be set from 0·03 to 999 s with 3-digit resolution by direct keyboard
entry or by using the rotary control. As explained above, sweeps lasting less than 1·03
seconds will contain less than the maximum 2048 steps because of the minimum 0·5 ms
dwell at each step. For this reason the number of steps in the sweep is displayed as a non-
editable field below the sweep time.
Sweep Type
Pressing the type soft-key calls the SWEEP TYPE screen:
SWEEP TYPE:
continuous
direction: up
sync: on done
This screen is used to set the sweep mode (continuous; triggered; triggered, hold and
reset; manual) and sweep direction.
Successive presses of the direction soft-key select one of the following sweep
directions:
up start frequency to stop frequency.
down stop frequency to start frequency.
up/down start frequency to stop frequency and back to start frequency.
down/up
stop frequency to start frequency and back to stop frequency.
The total sweep time is always that set on the SWEEP TIME screen, i.e. for up/down
and down/up operation the sweep time in each direction is half the total. Similarly the
total number of steps is the same for all choices, i.e. there will be half the number of steps
in each direction for up/down and down/up operation. In the sweep mode
descriptions which follow the direction is assumed to be up but all modes can be used
with all sweep directions.
In continuous mode the generator sweeps continuously between the start and stop
frequencies, triggered repetitively by an internal trigger generator whose frequency is
determined by the sweep time setting. At the stop frequency the generator resets to the
start frequency after a delay (nominally long enough for an oscilloscope to retrace), and
begins a new sweep.
If sync is set to on (the default) the generator steps from the stop frequency to zero
frequency and then starts the next sweep from the first point of the waveform,
synchronized to the internally generated trigger signal.
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Sweep Operation
Setting Sweep Parameters 6
This is useful because it forces the sweep always to start from the same point in the
waveform. You should be aware that in this case the waveform discontinuity may be
undesirable in some circumstances, for example in filter evaluation.
With sync is set to off the frequency steps directly and phase continuity is
maintained from the stop frequency to the start frequency. Note, however, that the sweep
is not synchronized to the software-generated trigger signal.
In triggered mode the generator holds the output at the start frequency until it
recognizes a trigger, at which the frequency sweeps to the stop frequency, resets, and
awaits the next trigger. If sync is set to on the frequency resets to zero frequency
(i.e. no waveform) and starts a new sweep at the first point of the waveform when the
next trigger is recognized. If sync is set to off the waveform resets to the start
frequency and continues at that frequency until the next trigger initiates a new sweep.
In trig’d, hold/reset mode the generator holds the output at the start frequency
until it recognizes a trigger; at which point the frequency sweeps to the stop frequency
and holds. At the next trigger the output is reset to the start frequency where it is held
until the next sweep is initiated by a further trigger. If sync is set to off the output
operates exactly as described above; if sync is set to on the frequency goes to zero at
the start and begins each new sweep at the first point of the waveform.
For both triggered and trig’d, hold/reset modes the TRIG IN input is
automatically set to external. The trigger source can be the rising edge of an external
signal applied to TRIG IN, a press of the MAN TRIG key on the front panel, or a remote
command.
In manual mode the whole sweep process is controlled from the MANUAL SWEEP
screen.
Manual Sweep
Pressing the manual… soft-key on the SWEEP SETUP screen calls the
MANUAL SWEEP FREQ screen:
MANUAL SWEEP FREQ:
1.630 MHz
step fast wrap
step slow done
Before manual control can be used, you must select manual on the SWEEP TYPE
screen. If manual has not been set, the message mode is not manual will be
displayed instead of the frequency.
In manual mode the frequency can be stepped through the sweep range, defined on the
SWEEP RANGE screen, by using the rotary control or cursor keys. Every point of the
frequency table is stepped through if step slow is selected; if step fast is set
then the frequency changes in multiple step increments. You can not select step fast
when the number of steps in the table is small.
If wrap is set the sweep wraps-round from start frequency to
stop frequency and vice-versa; if no wrap is set the sweep finishes at either the
start or stop frequency depending on the direction of the rotary control or cursor
keys.
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Sweep Spacing
Pressing the spacing… soft-key on the SWEEP SETUP screen calls the
SWEEP SPACING screen:
SWEEP SPACING:
logarithmic
linear
done
With linear selected the sweep changes the frequency at a linear rate; with
logarithmic selected the sweep spends an equal time in each frequency decade.
Sweep Marker
Pressing the marker… soft-key on the SWEEP SETUP screen calls the
SWEEP MARKER FREQ screen:
SWEEP MARKER FREQ:
program: 5.0
00 MHz
actual: 4.977 MHz
done
A new marker frequency can be programmed directly from the keyboard or by using the
rotary control and cursor keys. Note that the marker frequency can only be one of the
values in the sweep frequency table; any value in the sweep range can be entered but the
actual value will be the nearest frequency in the table. When sweep is turned on, the
actual marker frequency is shown in the non-editable field below the programmed
frequency. For the default sweep setting of 100 kHz to 10 MHz in 50 ms (which is
completed in 400 steps), the actual frequency of a 5 MHz marker is 4·977 MHz.
The marker duration is for the number of 0·5 ms intervals that the frequency remains at
the marker value; for fast and/or wide sweeps this will often be the 0·5 ms minimum but
for slow and/or narrow spans the marker may last many 0·5 ms intervals. To avoid
anomalous conditions the marker will not be exactly placed at the start and stop
frequencies even though it can be programmed to be so. The marker polarity and level is
set up on the cursor/marker… menu of the UTILITY screen. For full details
refer chapter 14, System Operations from the Utility Menu.
You can change the marker frequency can be changed while the sweep is on but since the
table of frequency values is rebuilt with each change this can be a slow process,
especially if the rotary control is used. You can achieve the same result more quickly by
switching the sweep off, changing the marker, then switching the sweep back on.
Sweep Hold
The sweep can be held or restarted at any time at or from its current frequency by
alternate presses of the MAN HOLD key or by a remote command. As with all other
sweep controls, pressing MAN HOLD will halt the sweep on all channels for which
sweep has been set on.
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7-1
Chapter 7
Triggered Burst and Gate
Introduction........................................................................................................ 7-2
Internal Trigger Generator............................................................................. 7-2
External Trigger Input................................................................................... 7-3
Adjacent Channel Trigger Output ................................................................. 7-3
Triggered Burst.................................................................................................. 7-3
Trigger Source............................................................................................... 7-4
Trigger Edge.................................................................................................. 7-4
Burst Count.................................................................................................... 7-4
Start Phase..................................................................................................... 7-5
Manual Initialization of Inter-channel Triggering......................................... 7-5
Gated Mode........................................................................................................ 7-6
Gate Source ................................................................................................... 7-6
Gate Polarity.................................................................................................. 7-6
Start Phase..................................................................................................... 7-6
Sync Out in Triggered Burst and Gated Mode .................................................. 7-7
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Introduction
Triggered burst and gated modes are selected from the MODE screen, called by the
MODE key, as alternatives to the default continuous mode.
MODE:
continuous
gated setup…
triggered setup…
In triggered burst mode a defined number of cycles are generated following each trigger
event. This mode is edge triggered.
In gated mode the generator runs whenever the gating signal is true. This mode is level
sensitive.
Triggered burst mode can be controlled by either the internal trigger generator, an
external trigger input, the internally-generated trigger out signal from an adjacent channel
on a multi-channel instrument, by the front panel MAN TRIG key or by remote control.
Gated mode can be controlled by the internal trigger generator or by external trigger
input.
In both modes the start phase, i.e. the starting point on the waveform cycle, can be
specified.
Internal Trigger Generator
The period of the internal trigger generator is set with the period soft-key on the
TRIGGER IN set-up screen called by the TRIG IN key:
TRIGGER IN: force
source: internal
slope: positive
period: 2.00ms
The internal trigger generator divides down a crystal oscillator to produce a 1:1 square
wave with a period from 0·01 ms (100 kHz) to 200 s (0·005 Hz). Generator period entries
that cannot be exactly accommodated are accepted and rounded up to the nearest
available value, e.g. 0·109ms is rounded to 0·11ms.
When triggered burst or gated modes are selected the SYNC OUT source automatically
defaults to trigger which is the output of the internal trigger generator when internal
triggering or gating is specified.
In triggered burst mode the selected edge of each cycle of the trigger generator is used to
initiate a burst; the interval between bursts is therefore 0·01 ms to 200 s as set by the
generator period.
In gated mode the output of the main generator is gated on while the internal trigger
generator output is true; the duration of the gate is therefore 0·005 ms to 100 s, in step
with trigger generator periods of 0·01 ms to 200 s.
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Triggered Burst and Gate
Triggered Burst 7
External Trigger Input
External trigger or gate signals are applied to the front panel TRIG IN socket which has a
TTL level (+1·5 V) threshold. In triggered burst mode the input is edge sensitive; the
selected edge of each external trigger initiates the specified burst. In gated mode the input
is level sensitive; the output of the main generator is on whilst the gate signal is true.
The minimum pulse width that can be used with TRIG IN in triggered burst and gated
mode is 50 ns and the maximum repetition rate is 1 MHz. The maximum signal level that
can be applied without damage is ±10 V.
When triggered burst or gated modes are selected the SYNC OUT source automatically
defaults to trigger which is always a positive-edged version of the external trigger
or gate signal when external triggering or gating is specified.
Adjacent Channel Trigger Output
On multi-channel instruments the trigger out signal of an adjacent channel can be used as
the control signal for a triggered burst. The channel numbering ‘wraps round’ such that
channel 1 follows channel 4.
The source of the trigger out signal is selected by the source soft-key on the
TRIGGER OUT screen called by the TRIG OUT key.
TRIGGER OUT:
mode: auto
source: wfm end
The source choices are as follows:
wfm end: Waveform end; a positive-going pulse coincident with the end
of a waveform cycle (and the start of the next).
pos’n marker: Position marker; arbitrary waveforms only. Any point(s) on
the main waveform may have marker bit(s) set high or low.
No output if selected for a standard waveform.
seq sync: Sequence sync; a positive-going pulse coincident with the end
of a waveform sequence.
burst done: A positive-going pulse coincident with the end of the last
cycle of a burst.
The default choice is wfm end except when the channel is running a sequence in
which case it becomes seq sync. To set the trigger out to anything other than its
default it is necessary to change the mode from auto to manual using the mode
soft-key.
Trigger out is an internal signal but, as with the other trigger sources, a positive-edged
version is available at the triggered channel’s SYNC OUT with its default source of
trigger selected.
Triggered Burst
Triggered burst mode is turned on with the triggered soft-key on the MODE
screen. The setup… soft-key on this screen accesses the TRIGGER/GATE SETUP
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screen on which the burst count and start phase are set. The other trigger parameters are
set on the TRIGGER IN set-up screen called by pressing the TRIG IN key.
TRIGGER IN: force
source: internal
slope: positive
period: 2.00ms
Trigger Source
The trigger source can be selected with the source soft-key on the TRIGGER IN
set-up screen to be internal, external, manual or (in the case of multi-
channel instruments) either of the adjacent channels.
With internal selected the internal trigger generator is used to initiate a burst; this
generator is set up as described in the previous section.
With external selected the specified edge of the signal at TRIG IN is used to initiate
a burst.
With chan x selected (multi-channel instruments only) the trigger out signal from
adjacent channel x is used to initiate a burst; the source of the trigger out signal on that
channel x is set up as described in the previous section.
With manual selected as the source the only ways to initiate a burst are by pressing
the MAN TRIG key or sending a remote command. In multi-channel instruments,
pressing MAN TRIG will trigger all those channels for which manual has been
selected as the source.
Trigger Edge
The slope soft-key is used to select the edge (positive or negative) of the
external trigger signal used to initiate a burst. The default setting of positive
should be used for triggering by the internal trigger generator or an adjacent channel’s
trigger out.
Note that the trigger signal from SYNC OUT, used for synchronizing the display of
a triggered burst on an oscilloscope for example, is always positive-going at the start of
the burst.
Burst Count
The number of complete cycles in each burst following the trigger is set from the
TRIGGER/GATE SETUP screen, called by selecting setup… on the MODE
screen:.
TRIGGER/GATE SETUP:
burst cnt: 0000001
phase: +000.0°
(actual +000.0°)
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Triggered Burst and Gate
Triggered Burst 7
7-5
The required count can be set by pressing the burst cnt soft-key followed by direct
entries from the keyboard, or by using the rotary control. The maximum number of
waveform cycles that can be counted is 1,048,575 (2
20
-1).
Start Phase
The start phase, i.e. the point on the waveform cy
cle at which the burst starts, can be
selected by pressing the phase soft-key followed by direct entries from the keyboard
or by
using the rotary control. Since the waveform cycle is always completed at the end
of the burst the start phase is also the stop phase.
The phase can be set with a precision of 0.1 ° but the actual resolution is limited with
so
me waveforms and at certain waveform frequencies as detailed below. To indicate
when this is the case the actual phase is shown in brackets as a non-editable field below
the programmed value.
To achieve start phase precision all waveforms are run in clock synthesis mode, i.e. as if
they
were arbitrary waveforms, when triggered burst is specified. This limits frequency
resolution to 4 digits for all waveforms although the waveforms normally generated by
DDS are still entered with 7-digit precision. Sine, cosine, haversine (etc.) waveforms are
created as if they were arbitrary waveforms with the first point of the waveform exactly
at the start phase. Each time the phase or frequency is changed the waveform is
recalculated, and this can cause a slight lag if the parameters are changed quickly using
the rotary control.
The phase resolution of true arbitrary waveforms is limited by the waveform length since
the finest resolution
is 1 clock cycle; thus waveforms with a length greater than 3600
points will have a resolution of 0.1 °, but below this number of points the maximum
resolution becomes 360° divided by the number of points.
Square waves, pulse, pulse trains and sequences have
no start phase adjustment. Their
phase is always fixed at 0°.
The start phase capabilities in triggered burst mode are summarized below:
Table 7-1. Phase Range and Resolution - Triggered Burst Mode
Waveform Maximum Waveform
Frequency
Phase Control
Range and Resolution
Sine, cosine,
haversine, havercosine
1 MHz ± 360 °, 0.1 °
Square 1 MHz 0 ° only
Triangle, Ramp, sin(x)/x 100 kHz ± 360 °, 0.1 °
Pulse, Pulse Train 10 MHz 0 ° only
Arbitrary 40 Msamples/s clock ± 360 °, 360 °divided by length or 0.1 °
Sequence 40 Msamples/s clock 0 ° only
Manual Initialization of Inter-channel Triggering
If a multi-channel instrument is set up such that all channels are triggered by
an adjacent
one it is possible to have a stable condition where all channels are waiting for a trigger
and the sequence of triggered bursts never starts. To overcome this problem any channel
can be triggered manually and independently using the force soft-key on that
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channel’s TRIGGER IN screen. Select the channel to start the sequence with the
appropriate SETUP key, select the TRIGGER IN screen with the TRIG IN key and
press the force soft-key.
Gated Mode
Gated mode is turned on with the gated soft-key on the MODE screen. The
setup… soft-key on this screen accesses the TRIGGER/GATE SETUP screen on
which the start phase is set. The other parameters associated with gated mode are set on
the TRIGGER IN set-up screen called by pressing the TRIG IN key.
TRIGGER IN: force
source: internal
slope: positive
period: 2.00ms
Gate Source
The gate signal source can be selected with the source soft-key on the
TRIGGER IN set-up screen to be internal, external, or (in the case of a multi-
channel instrument) an adjacent channel.
With internal selected the internal trigger generator is used to gate the waveform;
the duration of the gate is half the generator period. Refer to the section on the Internal
Trigger Generator above for more information.
With external selected the gate duration is from the point (nominally +1.5 V) on the
specified edge of the signal at the TRIG IN socket until the same level on the opposite
edge.
With chan x selected the trigger out signal from the adjacent channel x is used to gate
the waveform; the source of the trigger out signal on that channel x is set up as described
in the previous section.
Gate Polarity
If slope on the TRIGGER IN set-up screen is set to positive the gate will
open at the threshold on the rising edge and close on the threshold of the falling edge of
an external gating signal. In other words the gate signal is true when the TRIG IN signal
is high. If the slope is set negative the gate signal is true when the TRIG IN
signal is low. The default setting of positive should be used for gating with the
internal trigger generator or an adjacent channel’s trigger out.
Start Phase
Press setup… on the MODE screen to access the TRIGGER/GATE SETUP screen
on which the start phase can be set.
TRIGGER/GATE SETUP:
burst cnt: 0000001
phase: +000.0°
(actual +000.0°)
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Triggered Burst and Gate
Sync Out in Triggered Burst and Gated Mode 7
The start phase, i.e. the point on the waveform cycle at which the gated waveform starts,
can be selected by pressing the phase soft-key followed by direct entries from the
keyboard or by using the rotary control. Since the waveform cycle is always completed
at the end of the gated period the start phase is also the stop phase.
The phase can be set with a precision of 0.1 ° but the actual resolution is limited with
some waveforms and at certain waveform frequencies as detailed below. To indicate
when this is the case the actual phase is shown in brackets as a non-editable field below
the programmed value.
To achieve start phase precision all waveforms are run in clock synthesis mode, i.e. as if
they were arbitrary waveforms, when gated mode is specified. This limits frequency
resolution to 4 digits for all waveforms although the waveforms normally generated by
DDS are still entered with 7-digit precision. Sine, cosine, haversine (etc.) waveforms are
created as if they were arbitrary waveforms with the first point of the waveform exactly
at the start phase. Each time the phase or frequency is changed the waveform is
recalculated, and this can cause a slight lag if the parameters are changed quickly using
the rotary control.
The phase resolution of true arbitrary waveforms is limited by the waveform length since
the maximum resolution is 1 clock; thus waveforms with a length greater than 3600
points will have a resolution of 0.1 °, but below this number of points the maximum
resolution becomes 360 ° divided by the number of points.
Square waves, pulse, pulse trains and sequences have no start phase adjustment. Their
phase is always fixed at 0°.
Refer to the table in the Triggered Burst section above for a summary of start phase
capabilities.
Sync Out in Triggered Burst and Gated Mode
When triggered burst or gated modes are selected the SYNC OUT source automatically
defaults to trigger; this is a positive-edged signal synchronized to the actual trigger
used whether internal (from the internal trigger generator or an adjacent channel) or
external of either polarity.
Alternatively, SYNC OUT can be set to burst done on the SYNC OUT set-up
screen; this provides a SYNC OUT signal which is low while the waveform is running
and high at all other times.
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8-1
Chapter 8
Tone Mode
Introduction........................................................................................................ 8-2
Tone Frequency ................................................................................................. 8-2
Tone Type.......................................................................................................... 8-2
Tone Switching Source...................................................................................... 8-3
DTMF Testing with a Multi-Channel Generator............................................... 8-4
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Introduction
In Tone mode the output is stepped through a user-defined list of up to 16 frequencies
under the control of the signal set by the source soft-key on the TRIGGER IN
set-up screen. This signal can be the internal trigger generator, an external trigger input,
the front panel MAN TRIG key or a remote command. On multi-channel instruments the
control signal can also be the trigger out from an adjacent channel.
All standard and arbitrary waveforms can be used in tone mode with the exception of
pulse, pulse-train and sequence. During tone mode all waveforms are generated in DDS
mode for fast phase-continuous switching between frequencies. For DDS operation all
waveforms must be 4096 points in length; this is the natural length for standard
waveforms but all arbitrary waveforms are expanded or condensed in software to 4096
points when the tone list is built. This does not affect the original data.
Because DDS mode is used the frequency range for all waveforms is 1 mHz to 10 MHz
in tone mode, including triangle, ramp and square wave, which have different limits in
continuous operation.
Tone Frequency
Press the tone setup… soft-key on the MODE screen, called by pressing the
MODE key. The TONE set-up screen will be displayed:
TONE type: trig
2.000000 kHz #2
3.000000 kHz del
end of list #4
Each frequency in the list can be changed by pressing the appropriate soft-key and
entering the new value from the keyboard. The selected frequency can be deleted from
the list by pressing the del (delete) soft-key. Additional frequencies can be added to
the end of the list by selecting end of list with the appropriate soft-key and
entering the new frequency from the keyboard.
The whole list can be scrolled back and forward through the display using the rotary
control.
Tone Type
The type soft-key on the TONE set-up screen permits three types of tone switching
to be specified.
With type set to trig the frequency changes after each occurrence of the signal
edge specified in the source and slope fields on the TRIGGER IN screen, but
only after completing the last cycle of the current frequency.
With type set to gate the frequency changes when the signal specified in the
source field goes to the level specified in the slope field on the TRIGGER IN
screen and continues until the level changes again, at which point the current cycle is
completed. The output is then gated off until the next occurrence of the gating signal, at
which point the next frequency in the list is gated on.
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Tone Mode
Tone Switching Source 8
Thus the difference between triggered and gated tone changes is that in triggered mode
the signal changes phase continuously from one frequency to the next at the waveform
zero-crossing point immediately after the trigger signal, whereas in gated mode there can
be an off (no signal) period between successive frequencies while the gate signal is not
true.
With type set to fsk the frequency changes instantaneously (and phase-
continuously) at each occurrence of the signal edge specified in the source and
slope fields on the TRIGGER IN screen, without completing the current waveform
cycle; this is true FSK (frequency shift keying) tone switching.
The following diagrams demonstrate the differences between trigger, gate and FSK tone
switching for a list of two frequencies switched by a square wave (positive slope
specified on the TRIGGER IN set-up).
The maximum recommended tone frequencies and trigger/gate switching frequencies for
the three modes are as follows:
GATE: Maximum tone frequency 50 kHz;
maximum switching frequency < lowest tone frequency.
TRIGGER: Maximum tone frequency 50 kHz;
maximum switching frequency 1 MHz.
FSK: Maximum tone frequency 1 MHz;
maximum switching frequency 1 MHz.
shb0008f.emf
Figure 8-1. Tone Waveform Types
Tone Switching Source
The signal which controls the frequency switching is that set by the source soft-key
on the TRIGGER IN set-up screen. The slope field on the same screen sets the
active polarity of that signal; when set to positive the rising edge of the trigger
signal is active or the high level of the gating signal is true. The reverse is true for a
negative setting. The signal selections available on the source soft-key are the
internal trigger generator, an external trigger input, the front panel MAN TRIG key, a
remote command and, for multi-channel instruments, the trigger output from an adjacent
channel. A full explanation for each of these can be found in chapter 7, Triggered Burst
and Gate.
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8-4
DTMF Testing with a Multi-Channel Generator
An important use of tone mode is DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) testing in
which two channels are set up with equal length lists of different frequencies, triggered
from a common signal. The outputs are summed together using the internal sum facility
(see chapter 12, Sum). DTMF testing generally uses sine waves in the frequency range
600 Hz to 1.6 kHz.
It is also possible to set up DTMF testing using two single channel instruments triggered
by
a common external signal and summed using the external SUM capability.
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9-1
Chapter 9
Arbitrary Waveform Generation
Introduction........................................................................................................ 9-2
Arb Waveform Terms........................................................................................ 9-2
Arb Waveform Creation and Modification – General Principles ...................... 9-2
Selecting and Outputting Arbitrary Waveforms................................................ 9-3
Creating New Waveforms.................................................................................. 9-4
Create Blank Waveform................................................................................ 9-4
Create Waveform Copy................................................................................. 9-5
Modifying Arbitrary Waveforms....................................................................... 9-6
Waveform Edit Cursor .................................................................................. 9-6
Resize Waveform .......................................................................................... 9-6
Rename Waveform........................................................................................ 9-7
Waveform Info .............................................................................................. 9-7
Delete Waveform........................................................................................... 9-8
Edit Waveform .............................................................................................. 9-8
Point Edit....................................................................................................... 9-9
Line Edit........................................................................................................ 9-9
Wave Insert.................................................................................................... 9-9
Block Copy.................................................................................................... 9-10
Waveform Amplitude.................................................................................... 9-11
Waveform Offset........................................................................................... 9-11
Wave Invert................................................................................................... 9-12
Position Markers............................................................................................ 9-12
Arbitrary Waveform Sequence.......................................................................... 9-13
Sequence Set-up ............................................................................................ 9-14
Frequency and Amplitude Control with Arbitrary Waveforms......................... 9-15
Frequency...................................................................................................... 9-15
Amplitude...................................................................................................... 9-16
Sync Out Settings with Arbitrary Waveforms................................................... 9-16
Waveform Hold in Arbitrary Mode................................................................... 9-16
Output Filter Setting .......................................................................................... 9-17
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9-2
Introduction
Arbitrary (arb) waveforms are generated by sequentially addressing the RAM containing
the waveform data with the arbitrary clock. The frequency of the arb waveform is
determined both by the arb clock and the total number of data points in the cycle.
In this instrument an arb waveform can have up t
o 65,536 horizontal points. The vertical
range is -2048 to +2047, corresponding to a maximum peak-peak output of 20 V. Up to
100 waveforms can be stored in the 256 kByte non-volatile RAM and each waveform
may be given a name; the exact number that can be stored depends on the number of
points in each waveform.
Arb waveforms can be created using basic front panel editing capabilities (particularly
useful for modifying existing standard or arb waveforms) or by using waveform design
software that enables the user to create waveforms from mathematical expressions, from
combinations of other waveforms, or freehand. The appendix includes information about
the software tools available.
Arb Waveform Terms
The following terms are used in describing arb waveforms:
Horizontal size. The number of horizontal points is the time component of the
waveform
. The minimum size is 4 points and the maximum
is 65,536 points.
Waveform address. Each horizontal point on an arb waveform
has a unique
address. Addresses always start at 0000, thus the end address
is always one less than the horizontal size.
Arb frequency The arb frequency is the clock rate of the data RAM a
ddress
counters and has a range of 0·1 Hz to 40 MHz on these
instruments.
Waveform frequency. The waveform frequency
depends on both the arb frequency
and the horizontal size; for example a 1000 point waveform
clocked at an arb frequency of 40 MHz has a waveform
frequency of 40e6/1000 = 40 kHz.
Data Value. Each horizontal point in
the waveform has an amplitude
value in the range -2048 to +2047.
Arb waveform amplitude. When playing arb waveforms the
maximum output
amplitude will depend on both the range of data values and
the output amplitude setting. A waveform that contains data
values ranging from -2048 to +2047 will produce a
maximum output which is 100% of the programmed peak-to-
peak amplitude; if the maximum range of the data values is
only -1024 to +1023, for example, the maximum output will
only be 50% of the programmed level.
Arb Waveform Creation and Modification – General
Principles
Creating arb waveforms with the instrument alone consists of two main steps:
1. Creating a new blank waveform, or a copy of an existing one, and giving it a size and
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2. Modifying that waveform using the various editing capabilities to get exactly the
waveform required.
These steps are fully described in the
Creating New Waveforms and Modifying Arbitrary
Waveforms sections which follow.
Waveform creation using waveform design software
also consists of two steps:
1. Creating the waveform using the software on a PC.
2. Downloading the waveform to the generator via the RS232 or GPIB interface.
Certain constraints apply to the overall operation of the generator during creation and
m
odification of an arb waveform on the instrument; these ensure proper management of
the arb waveforms and avoid contentions, particularly in multi-channel instruments. The
constraints are mentioned in the individual sections which follow but are summarized
here.
1. On multi-channel instruments all the channels m
ust be running in continuous mode to
allow arb creation or modification. Summing and modulation of channels is allowed.
2. Arb waveforms are created and mostly edited in the
non-volatile backup memory; up
to 100 waveforms can be stored subject to the memory limitation of 256 kBytes. Any
of these waveforms can be called into a channel’s memory by selecting them to run
as an arb or as part of an arb sequence, up to the channel’s limit of 65,536 points.
During editing, changes are made to the waveform in non-volatile memory and are
then copied to all the channels where that waveform is used. The exceptions to this
are amplitude, offset and block copy changes which are initially made only to the
waveform copy of the channel currently selected; the changes are copied to the non-
volatile back-up memory (and then to any other channels using that waveform) when
the parameter edit is confirmed with the save soft-key.
3. A waveform cannot be deleted from a channel’s memory if it is running on that
channel.
4. Waveforms must be deleted from the channel’s m
emory before they can be deleted
from the back-up memory.
5. If an arb waveform sequence is running no waveforms can be deleted from that
channel, whether they are used in the sequence or not.
6. A waveform used by a non-active sequence can be deleted but the s
equence will not
subsequently run properly and should be modified to exclude the deleted waveform.
You will be reminded of the above constraints by
a warning or error message in the
display if you attempt an illegal operation.
Selecting and Outputting Arbitrary Waveforms
At switch-on, assuming factory default settings, any arbitrary waveforms already created
will only be stored in the non-volatile back-up memory. To run an arbitrary waveform it
is necessary to select it from the list in back-up memory.
Press the ARB key to see the list, on the ARBS screen, of all arbitrary waveforms held
in back-up m
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ARBS: backup mem
wv00 01024
wv01 03782
wv02 00500
The rotary control or cursor keys can be used to scroll the full list backwards and
forwards through the display. With the appropriate channel selected using its SETUP
key press the soft-key beside the required waveform to load it into that channel’s
memory. Many waveforms can be loaded into and held in the channel’s memory in this
way, up to the 64k point limit. The last one selected will be the one currently output on
that channel.
Once an arb waveform has been loaded into a channel it can also be selected to run from
the STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen, accessed by pressing the STD key, by pressing
the arb soft-key. If more than one arb waveform is held in the channel’s memory the
last one selected will be the one that is output. The complete list of waveforms held in a
channel’s memory can be viewed by pressing the top right soft-key on the ARBS
screen; this causes the channel memory to be displayed instead of the backup
memory, for example:
ARBS: chan mem
wv00 03872
wv01 00128
If the power-on setting has been set to restore last setup on the
POWER ON SETTING screen the waveforms will be restored to the channel’s memory
at power-on. Refer to chapter 14, System Operations from the Utility Menu for more
information.
The same arbitrary waveform can be selected to run on more than one channel; in this
case, when it is edited in backup memory, the changes will also be applied to all copies of
the waveform.
The following sections give full details as to how arbitrary waveforms are created and
modified.
Creating New Waveforms
Pressing the CREATE key calls the CREATE NEW WAVEFORM screen.
CREATE NEW WAVEFORM
free memory: 258972
create blank…
create from copy…
Create Blank Waveform
Pressing the create blank… soft-key calls the menu:
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create: "wv00 "
size: 01024
cancel create
The top line contains the user-defined waveform name which can be up to 8 characters
long. The instrument allocates a default name of wv(n) starting at wv00; the name
can be edited by selecting the appropriate character position with the cursor keys and then
setting the character with the rotary control which scrolls through all alphanumeric
characters in sequence.
Pressing the size soft-key permits the waveform length to be entered directly from the
keyboard or by using the rotary control and cursor keys. 1024 points is the default size
and the range is from 4 to 65,536 points. Screen messages will tell you if you have
attempted to set values less than 4 or greater than the remaining available backup
memory. The waveform ‘blank’ is created in the non-volatile backup memory and the
free memory field shows the remaining unused backup memory.
The cancel soft key causes the name to be kept without any allocation of memory
space. Pressing the create soft key allocates both the name and the memory, and
calls the MODIFY screen to permit waveform editing.
Create Waveform Copy
Pressing the create from copy… soft-key calls the following menu:
create: "wv00 "
from: sine
size: 01024
cancel create
The user-defined name and waveform size can be entered after pressing the create
and size soft-keys respectively, exactly as described in the previous section.
The source waveform which is to be copied can be selected by the from soft key;
repeated presses of the key, cursor keys or using the rotary control will scroll through the
list of all the available waveforms, including any other arbitrary waveforms already
created.
The horizontal size of the waveform being copied does not have to be the same as the
waveform being created. When the waveform is copied by pressing the create key,
the software compresses or expands the source waveform to create the copy. When the
source is expanded the copy has additional interpolated points; when the source is
compressed it is possible to lose significant waveform, particularly from arb waveforms
with narrow spikes if the compression ratio is large.
The cancel soft key causes the name to be kept without any allocation of memory
space. Pressing the create soft key allocates both the name and the memory, and
calls the MODIFY screen to permit waveform editing.
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Modifying Arbitrary Waveforms
Certain restrictions apply to waveform modification. They are summarized at the head of
this chapter.
Pressing the MODIFY front panel key, or the create soft-key on either of the
CREATE NEW WAVEFORM menus calls the MODIFY screen:
MODIFY: vwv01
resize… rename…
delete… info…
edit waveform
This screen gives access to a number of menus which permit the selected waveform to be
resized, renamed, edited, etc. The arb waveform to be modified is selected using the
rotary control or cursor keys to step through all possible choices; the current choice is
displayed on the top line beside MODIFY.
Waveform Edit Cursor
During any arbitrary waveform modify procedure which involves setting waveform
addresses, one or more waveform cursors can be output from the rear panel
CURSOR/MARKER OUT socket. The waveform being edited must be running on the
output currently selected by the channel SETUP keys. The amplitude, polarity and width
of the cursor is set on the cursor/marker… menu of the UTILITY screen as
described chapter 14, System Operations from the Utility Menu. The cursors are
positioned at the start and stop addresses used for the various edit operations described
below (one address per cursor only for point edit). The cursor signal can be displayed on
a second channel of the oscilloscope or used to modulate the Z-axis to highlight the stop
and start addresses.
Note that the addresses are retained when moving between edit functions. Thus if the stop
and start addresses are set for waveform insert, the same addresses appear as the defaults
when wave amplitude edit is selected, for example. The addresses can of course be
changed subsequently.
Resize Waveform
Pressing the resize… soft-key on the MODIFY screen calls the Resize screen:
Resize: vwv01
(old size: 01024)
new size: 0
1024
cancel resize
Resize changes the number of points in the waveform. The new size can be larger or
smaller than the old size. When the new size is larger the software adds additional
interpolated points. When the new size is smaller points are removed. Reducing the
waveform size may cause the waveform to lose significant data; be careful, because there
is no "undo" for resize.
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Resize is implemented by pressing the resize soft-key. The cancel soft-key
leaves the size unchanged. Both soft keys return the display to the MODIFY screen.
Rename Waveform
Pressing the rename… soft-key on the MODIFY screen calls the Rename screen:
Rename: vwv01
as: "myWave01
"
cancel rename
The new name can be entered below the original by selecting the appropriate character
position with the cursor keys and then setting the character with the rotary control which
scrolls through all the alphanumeric characters in sequence. The name can be up to eight
characters long.
Rename is completed by pressing the rename soft-key. The cancel soft-key leaves
the name unchanged. Both soft keys return the display to the MODIFY screen.
Waveform Info
Pressing the info… soft-key on the MODIFY screen calls the info screen.
Info vwv03 exit
length: 00128
chan: 3 4
seq:
The screen gives the name of the waveform, its length and the channels and sequences
where it is used. The "where used" information is particularly important when executing
waveform management operations such as delete.
Pressing exit returns the display to the MODIFY screen.
To view what waveforms are held in a particular channel memory, select the channel
with its SETUP key, press the UTILITY key to view the UTILITY MENU and then
press the chan wfm info… soft-key to get the CHANNEL WFM INFO: screen:
CHANNEL WFM INFO:
waveforms: 1
Free mem: 65436
exit
This shows the number of waveforms and the free memory on that channel. Press the
exit soft-key to return to the UTILITY MENU.
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Delete Waveform
Pressing the delete… soft-key displays a request for confirmation that the selected
waveform is to be deleted from the backup memory.
Delete waveform
"wv01 "
?
cancel delete
Confirm deletion by pressing the delete soft-key which will return the display to the
MODIFY screen with the next arb waveform automatically selected; the cancel soft
key aborts the deletion.
A waveform cannot be deleted from the backup memory until it has first been deleted
from all channel memories.
A waveform cannot be deleted from a channel’s memory if it is being output on that
channel. The waveform must first be deselected by selecting an alternative waveform.
Make the new selection using either the STANDARD WAVEFORMS or the ARBS
screen.
You will then be able to delete the waveform from the channel memory by selecting the
ARBS screen for that channel.
ARBS: chan mem
wv00 01024 del
wv01 03872
wv02 00500 del
A del soft-key will appear against those waveforms in the channels memory which are
not in use. Press the appropriate del soft-key to delete the waveform from channel
memory. You can then complete the deletion from backup memory as described above.
Edit Waveform
Pressing the edit waveform… soft-key calls the EDIT FUNCTIONS menu:
EDIT FUNCTIONS:
point edit…
line draw…
wave insert…
From this menu you can select functions which permit you to edit the waveform point-
by-point (point edit), by drawing lines between two points (line draw) or by inserting all
or part of an existing waveform into the waveform being edited (wave insert). In addition,
sections of the waveform can be selected and their peak-to-peak level changed using
wave amplitude, or their baseline can be changed using wave offset. Sections of the
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waveform can be copied into itself (block copy) and position markers for use at
SYNC OUT can also be defined.
Pressing the exit soft-key on any of these edit screens will return the display to the
EDIT FUNCTIONS menu.
Point Edit
Press the point edit… soft-key to call the POINT EDIT screen:
POINT EDIT
(addrs, value)
(00512, +0500)
exit next point
To see the data value at a point, press the soft-key on the left adjacent to the numeric
address and enter the point address directly from the keyboard or by using the rotary
control. The current data value is displayed to the right of the address.
To change the value press the soft key on the right adjacent to the numeric value and
enter the new value directly from the keyboard or by using the rotary control. Changing
the data value automatically updates the waveform.
Pressing the next point soft-key automatically advances the address by one point.
Line Edit
Press the line draw… soft-key to call the LINE screen:
LINE (addrs, value)
frm (00512, +0500)
to (00750, +0412)
exit draw line
The display shows a frm (from) and to address which will be the points between
which a straight line will be created when the draw line soft-key is pressed. The
default frm address is the first point on the waveform or the point most recently edited
if point edit has been used.
Set the "from" address and value by pressing the appropriate soft-key and making an
entry direct from the keyboard or by using the rotary control; repeat for the "to" address
and value.
The linear interpolations will be calculated for the addresses between the two selected
points when the draw line soft-key is pressed.
Wave Insert
Pressing wave insert… calls the wave insert screen:
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wv01 wv02
00000 strt 00400
00512 stop 01000
exit insert
Wave insert places waveforms between programmable start and stop points. Both
standard and arbitrary waveforms can be inserted in the new waveform, with the
exception of pulse, pulse-train and sequence.
You can insert a section of an arbitrary waveform, defined by the left-hand strt (start)
and stop addresses, for example points 00000 to 00512 of wv01 on the
screen above. These start and stop addresses default to the start and stop addresses of the
entire waveform being inserted, but you can adjust the addresses to define any section of
the waveform.
Change the addresses by pressing the appropriate soft-key and making entries from the
keyboard or by rotary control.
The destination of the selected section of the source waveform in the new waveform is
defined by the right-hand strt and stop addresses. Again, change the addresses by
pressing the appropriate soft-key and making entries from the keyboard or by rotary
control.
The insertion is completed by pressing the insert soft-key.
If there is a size difference between the two sections of waveform then the software will
expand or compress the source address space to fit the new waveform. As before,
compressing the waveform may cause you to lose some significant data.
To insert sections of the current waveform within itself see the next section, Block Copy.
Block Copy
Pressing block copy… calls the BLOCK COPY screen:
BLOCK COPY: execute
start: 00400 exit
stop: 01000 undo
dest: 00000 save
Block copy allows a section of the current waveform to be inserted within itself. The
block to be inserted is defined by the start and stop addresses. Change the
addresses by pressing the appropriate soft-key and making entries from the keyboard or
by rotary control.
The destination address for the start of the section is set by pressing the dest soft-key
and entering the address. The effect of making the block copy can then by previewed by
pressing the execute soft-key.
Note that if there are not enough waveform points between the destination address and
end of waveform to accommodate the copied section, the waveform being copied will
simply be truncated. The copy can be removed by pressing the undo soft-key or by
entering a new destination address.
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Block copy edit operates on the version of the waveform in the channel currently selected
by the channel SETUP keys, and the effect of the edit can be seen by selecting the
waveform to run on that channel.
When your waveform is ready it can be saved by pressing the save soft-key; the action
of saving modifies the waveform in the backup memory and also any other copies of the
waveform in other channel memories. After the edited waveform has been saved the
original waveform cannot be recovered.
Pressing the exit soft key returns to the EDIT FUNCTIONS screen without saving
any changes.
Waveform Amplitude
Pressing the wave amplitude soft-key calls the AMPLITUDE screen:
AMPLITUDE: 0
01.00
start: 00400
stop: 01000 undo
exit save
The waveform amplitude can be changed on a section of the waveform defined by the
start and stop addresses. Set the addresses by pressing the appropriate soft-key
and making entries directly from the keyboard or by rotary control.
The data values over the specified section of the waveform can be multiplied by a factor
of between 0·01 and 100·0 by making entries in the AMPLITUDE field. Press the
appropriate soft-key and make entries directly from the keyboard or by using the rotary
control. The amplitude changes on completion of the entry. Note that entries greater
than 1·0 will cause clipping if the waveform already uses the full -2048 to +2047 data
value range; the result is, however, still treated as a valid waveform. The original
waveform can be restored by pressing the undo soft-key.
Amplitude edit operates on the version of the waveform in the channel currently selected
by the channel SETUP keys; the effect of the edit can be seen by selecting the waveform
to run on that channel. When the amplitude has been modified as required the new
waveform can be saved by pressing the save soft key; the action of saving modifies
the waveform in the backup memory and also any other copies of the waveform in other
channel memories. After the edited waveform has been saved the original waveform
cannot be recovered.
Pressing the exit soft key returns to the EDIT FUNCTIONS screen without
saving any changes.
Waveform Offset
Pressing the wave offset soft-key calls the WAVE OFFSET screen.
WAVE OFFSET: +0
000
start: 00400
stop: 01000 undo
exit save
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The waveform offset can be changed on a section of the waveform defined by the
start and stop addresses. Set the addresses by pressing the appropriate soft-key
and making entries directly from the keyboard or by using the rotary control.
The data values over the specified section of the waveform are offset by the value entered
in the WAVE OFFSET field. Press the appropriate soft-key and make entries directly
from the keyboard or by using the rotary control. Entries in the range -4096 to +4095 will
be accepted; this permits, in the extreme, waveform sections with values at the -2048
limit to be offset to the opposite limit of +2047. Warnings are given when the offset
causes clipping, although the entry is still accepted. The original waveform can be
restored by pressing the undo soft-key.
Offset edit operates on the version of the waveform in the channel currently selected by
the channel SETUP keys; the effect of the edit can be seen by selecting the waveform to
run on that channel. When the offset has been modified as required the new waveform
can be saved by pressing the save soft key; the action of saving modifies the
waveform in the backup memory and also any other copies of the waveform in other
channel memories. After the edited waveform has been saved the original waveform
cannot be recovered.
Pressing the exit soft key returns to the EDIT FUNCTIONS screen without
saving any changes.
Wave Invert
Pressing the wave invert soft-key calls the INVERT screen:
INVERT: wv02
start adrs: 00512
stop adrs: 00750
exit invert
The inversion can be applied to a section of the waveform defined by the start and
stop addresses. Set the addresses by pressing the appropriate soft-key and making
entries directly from the keyboard or by using the rotary control.
The data values over the specified section of the waveform are inverted about 0000 each
time the invert soft-key is pressed.
Press exit to return to the EDIT FUNCTIONS screen.
Position Markers
Pressing the position markers… soft-key calls the POSITION MARKER EDIT
screen:
POSITION MARKER EDIT
adrs: 00000 <0>
patterns…
exit clear all
Position markers are output from the SYNC OUT socket when the source src is set to
pos’n marker on the SYNC OUTPUT SETUP screen.
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Position markers can be set at any or all of the addresses of a waveform either
individually, using the adrs (address) soft-key, or as a pattern, using the
patterns… menu.
A marker can be set directly at an address by pressing the adrs soft-key followed by a
keyboard entry. Pressing the right-hand soft-key on the adrs line then toggles the
marker setting between <1> and <0>. The address can be changed by incrementing with
the adrs key, by using the rotary control, or by further keyboard entries; marker
settings are changed at each new address with the right-hand soft-key. Markers show
immediately they are changed.
Alternatively, markers can be input as patterns by using the patterns… sub-menu:
PATTERN: 0
0000000…
start: 00000
stop: 01023
exit: do pattern
The start and stop addresses of the markers within the waveform are set using the
start and stop soft-keys respectively followed by a direct keyboard entry or by
using the rotary control.
The pattern itself is set in the top line of the display; press the soft-key to the right of
PATTERN: and enter the sequence of 1s and 0s using 1 and 0 from the keyboard
(which auto-increments to the next character) or with the rotary control (using the cursor
keys to move the edit cursor along the pattern).
The pattern consists of 16 values; if the cursor keys are used to skip over some character
positions these will automatically be filled with the value of the last one specified to the
left.
The pattern is entered repeatedly across the whole range defined by the start and stop
addresses when the do pattern soft-key is pressed; pressing exit returns to the
POSITION MARKER EDIT screen without implementing the pattern.
Pressing the clear all soft-key displays a request for confirmation that all markers
should be cleared from the waveform. Pressing clear cancels all the markers and
returns the display to POSITION MARKER EDIT; pressing cancel aborts the
clear.
Arbitrary Waveform Sequence
Up to 16 arbitrary waveforms may be linked in a sequence. Each waveform can have a
loop count of up to 32,768 and the whole sequence can run continuously or be looped up
to 1,048,575 times using the triggered burst mode.
Pressing the SEQUENCE key calls the initial SEQUENCE screen:
SEQUENCE (segs= 1)
sequence setup…
stop run
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A previously defined sequence can be run and stopped from this screen using the run
and stop soft-keys. The sequence can also be switched on from the
STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen with the sequence soft-key.
The segs= field shows the number of segments in the sequence; there is always at
least 1 segment.
Sequence Set-up
Pressing the sequence setup… soft-key on the SEQUENCE screen (or the
setup… soft-key next to sequence on the STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen) calls
the sequence set up screen:
seg: 2 off
wfm wv03
step on: count
cnt: 00001 done
Repeated presses of the seg soft-key steps the display through the set-ups of each of
the 16 segments of the sequence. With the exception of segment 1 which is always on
(and therefore has no on-off soft-key) the 16 segment set-ups are identical in format.
When segment 1 is displayed the segs= field shows the total number of segments in
the current sequence.
The segment to be set up is selected with the seg soft-key; the 16 segments can be
selected in sequence with repeated presses of the soft-key or by using the rotary control.
Once the segment to be edited has been set the waveform for that segment is selected
with the wfm (waveform) soft-key; the list of all arbitrary waveforms already created is
stepped through with repeated presses of the wfm soft-key or by using the rotary
control.
The criterion for stepping between waveform segments is set by the step on soft-
key. The default setting is step on: count which means that the waveform will
step on to the next segment after the number of waveform cycles specified in the cnt
(count) field; up to 32,768 cycles can be set with cnt selected, using direct keyboard
entries or by rotary control.
Alternatively, the step on criterion can be set to trig edge or trig level
in the step on field; trigger edge or trigger level can be mixed with count (i.e. some
segments can step on count, others on the specified trigger condition) but trigger edge
cannot be mixed with trigger level in the same sequence.
If trig edge is selected the sequence starts running at the first waveform segment
when sequence is set to run and steps to the following segments in turn at each
subsequent trigger. The trigger source can be any of the settings selected on the
TRIGGER IN set-up screen (called by the TRIG IN key); these are described fully in
chapter 7, Triggered Burst and Gate. At each trigger the current waveform cycle plus one
further whole cycle are completed before the waveform of the next segment is started.
If trig level is selected the sequence runs continuously through each segment in
turn (one cycle per segment) while the trigger level is true. When the trigger level goes
false the waveform currently selected runs continuously until the level goes true again at
which point the sequence again runs continuously through each segment in turn. The
trigger level source can be any of the settings selected on the TRIGGER IN set-up
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screen with the exception of the MAN TRIG key (which when pressed can only produce
an edge, not a level).
Providing the step on: field is set to count for all segments the waveform
sequence can also be run in gated and triggered burst modes in the same way as simple
waveforms. Refer to chapter 7, Triggered Burst and Gate for full details.
The individual segments of the sequence can be turned on or off with the on-off soft-
key. Note that turning a segment off will automatically set all subsequent segments off;
turning a segment on will also turn on any others between segment 1 and itself that were
previously off. Segment 1 is always on.
When the whole sequence is defined the set-up is constructed by pressing the done
soft-key which returns the display to the initial SEQUENCE screen. The sequence can
be run and stopped from this screen with the run and stop soft-keys respectively.
Frequency and Amplitude Control with Arbitrary Waveforms
Frequency and Amplitude control work in essentially the same way as for standard
waveforms with the following minor differences.
Frequency
Pressing the FREQuency key with an arbitrary waveform selected calls the
ARBITRARY FREQUENCY screen:
ARBITRARY FREQUENCY
40·00 MHz
sample waveform
freq period
You can set either the frequency or the period, as before, by pressing the freq or
period soft-key respectively. Note that the frequency and period resolution in arbitrary
mode is only 4 digits because clock synthesis generation is used. The Principles of
Operation section in chapter 4, Initial Operation, provides an explanation of the synthesis
technique used.
Additionally, for arbitrary waveforms, frequency or period can be set in terms of the
sample clock frequency, by pressing the sample soft-key, or in terms of the waveform
frequency, by pressing the waveform soft-key. The relationship between them is
waveform frequency = sample frequency divided by waveform size.
Frequency and period entries are made directly from the numeric keypad or by using the
rotary control in the usual way.
Pressing the FREQuency key with sequence selected calls the
SEQ CLOCK FREQUENCY screen:
SEQ CLOCK FREQUENCY
40·00 MHz
freq period
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Frequency or period can now only be set in terms of the clock frequency. Frequency and
period entries are made directly from the numeric keypad or by using the rotary control in
the usual way.
Amplitude
Pressing the AMPLitude key with an arbitrary waveform selected calls the AMPLITUDE
screen:
AMPLITUDE:
+20·0 Vpp
Vpp
load:hiZ
This differs from the AMPLITUDE screen for standard waveforms in that amplitude can
now only be entered in volts peak-to-peak.
Note that the peak-to-peak amplitude set on this screen will only be output if the arbitrary
waveform has addresses with values which reach -2048 and +2047; if the maximum
value range is -1024 to +1023 for example then the output range with the instrument set
to 20 V p-p will only be 10 V p-p.
Sync Out Settings with Arbitrary Waveforms
The default setting for sync out when arbitrary waveforms are selected is
waveform sync; this is a pulse that starts coincident with the first point of the
waveform and is a few points wide.
If a waveform sequence has been selected then sync out defaults to sequence sync;
this is a waveform which goes low during the last cycle of the last waveform in a
sequence and is high at all other times. When sequence is used in triggered burst mode
the burst count is a count of the number of complete sequences.
Waveform Hold in Arbitrary Mode
Arbitrary waveforms can be paused and restarted on any channel by using the front panel
MAN HOLD key or a signal applied to the rear panel HOLD IN socket.
On multi-channel instruments the channels which are to be held by the MAN HOLD key
or HOLD IN socket must first be enabled using the ARB HOLD INPUT screen,
accessed by pressing the HOLD key:
ARB HOLD INPUT:
status: no hold
mode: disabled
Each channel is selected in turn using the channel SETUP keys and set using the
mode soft-key; the mode changes between disabled and enabled with alternate
key presses.
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Arbitrary Waveform Generation
Output Filter Setting 9
Pressing the front panel MAN HOLD key stops the waveform at the current level on all
enabled channels; pressing MAN HOLD a second time restarts the waveform from that
level. If the ARB HOLD INPUT screen is currently selected the status field will
change from no hold to manual hold while the waveform is paused.
A logic low or switch closure at the rear panel HOLD IN socket also stops the waveform
at the current level on all enabled channels; a logic high or switch opening restarts the
waveform from that level. If the ARB HOLD INPUT screen is currently selected the
status field will change from no hold to ext. hold while the waveform is
paused.
If, while the waveform is held by either of the above means, the MAN TRIG key is
pressed the waveform is reset to its first point; the waveform will restart from this point
when MAN HOLD is pressed again or a high is applied to the rear panel HOLD IN
socket.
Output Filter Setting
The output filter type is automatically chosen by the software to give the best signal
quality for the selected waveform. The choice can, however, be overridden by the user
and this may be a frequent requirement with arbitrary waveforms.
To change the filter settings, press the FILTER key to call the FILTER SETUP
screen:
FILTER SETUP
mode: auto
type: 10MHz eliptic
The default mode is auto which means that the software selects the most appropriate
filter. With the setting on auto the type can be changed manually but the choice will
revert to the automatic selection as soon as any relevant parameter is changed.
To override the automatic choice press the mode soft-key to select manual.
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9-18
The four filter choices, which are either automatically selected or set manually with the
type soft-key, are as follows:
10 MHz elliptic: The automatic choice up to 10 MHz for
sine, cosine, haversine,
havercosine, sin(x)/x and triangle. Would be the better choice for arb
waveforms with an essentially sinusoidal content.
16 MHz elliptic: The automatic choice above 10 MHz for sine, cosine, haversine and
havercosine. Not reco
mmended for any other waveforms.
10 MHz Bessel: The automatic choice for positive and negative ramps, arb and
sequence.
No filter: The automatic choice for square ware, pulse and pulse trains. May be
the best choice for arb wavefor
ms with an essentially rectangular
content.
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Pulse and Pulse-trains
Introduction10
10-1
Chapter 10
Pulse and Pulse-trains
Introduction........................................................................................................ 10-2
Pulse Set-up ....................................................................................................... 10-2
Pulse-Train Set-up ............................................................................................. 10-4
Waveform Hold in Pulse and Pulse-Train Modes ............................................. 10-6
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Introduction
Pulse and pulse-trains are both selected and set-up from independent menus on the
STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen called by pressing the STD key. Pulse and pulse-
trains have similar timing set-ups and considerations but pulses are always unipolar, with
a maximum amplitude of 10 V p-p, whereas pulse-trains can be bipolar, with a maximum
amplitude of 20 V p-p.
Pulse Set-up
Pulse waveforms are turned on with the pulse soft-key on the
STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen. Pressing the setup… soft-key beside pulse
calls the first of the pulse set-up screens:
Enter pulse period:
1
00·0 us
exit next
The pulse period can be set between 100·0 ns and 100 s, with 4-digit resolution, by direct
entries from the numeric keypad or by using the rotary control. Pressing the next soft-
key calls the pulse width screen:
Enter pulse width:
program 5
0·00 us
(actual 50·00 us)
exit next
The width can be entered directly from the numeric keypad or by using the rotary control.
Any value in the range 25·00 ns to 99·99 s can be programmed but the actual value
may differ because of the considerations discussed below; for this reason the actual
pulse width is shown below the program width.
Pressing the next soft-key calls the pulse delay screen:
Enter pulse delay:
program 0
·000 ns
(actual 0·000 ns)
exit done
This is very similar to the pulse width screen and, again, the actual delay is shown
below the program delay. The delay value that can be entered must be in the range ±
(pulse period -1 point); positive values delay the pulse output with respect to waveform
sync from SYNC OUT; negative values cause the pulse to be output before the
waveform sync.
Pressing the done soft-key on this screen returns the display to the
STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen.
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Pulse and Pulse-trains
Pulse Set-up10
The means by which pulse period is set-up in the hardware requires an understanding
because it affects the setting resolution of both pulse width and delay. Pulse is actually a
particular form of arbitrary waveform made up of between 4 and 50,000 points; each
point has a minimum time of 25.00 ns corresponding to the fastest clock frequency of 40
MHz.
At short pulse periods, i.e. for waveforms with a small number of points, the setting
resolution is, however, much better than 25.00 ns because the time-per-point is adjusted
as well as the number of points; since the pulse width and delay are also defined in terms
of the same point time, varying the time-per-point affects their resolution.
For example, if the period is set to 500 ns, the minimum pulse width, when set to 25.00
ns, will in fact be 25.00 ns; 20 points at 25.00 ns each exactly defines the 500 ns period.
However, if the period is set to 499·0 ns, 20 points at the minimum point time of 25.00 ns
will be too long so 19 points are used and the point time is adjusted to 26.26 ns
(499·0/19); 26.26 ns is now the increment size used when changing the pulse width and
delay.
For periods above 1·25 ms the maximum number of points in the waveform (50,000)
becomes the factor determining pulse width and delay resolution. For example, with the
period set to 100 ms, the smallest pulse width and delay increment is 2 µs (100
ms/50,000). This may appear to cause significant errors at extreme settings (for example,
setting 100 ns in the above case will still give an actual width of 2 µs) but in practical
terms a 1 in 50,000 resolution (0·002%) is normally acceptable.
The pulse period can be adjusted irrespective of the pulse width and delay setting (for
example it can be set smaller than the programmed pulse width) because, unlike a
conventional pulse generator, pulse width and delay are adjusted proportionally as the
period is changed. For example, if, from the default pulse settings of 100 µs period and
50 µs width, the period is changed to 60 µs the pulse width actual changes to 30 µs
even though the program width is still 50µs. To get a 50µs width with the period at 60
µs the width must be re-entered as 50 µs after the period has been changed.
Period can also be changed from the PULSE PERIOD screen, called by pressing the
FREQ key with pulse mode selected:
PULSE PERIOD
1
00·0 us
freq period
The new setting can be entered either as a period in the way already described or as a
frequency by first pressing the freq soft-key. However, changing the period or
frequency from this screen is slightly different from changing period on the pulse
setup screen. When changing from this screen the number of points in the waveform is
never changed (just as with a true arb) which means that the shortest period that can be
set is the number of waveform points times 25.00 ns. To achieve faster frequencies (up to
the specification limit) the period must be changed from the pulse set-up screen;
changing the frequency from this screen causes the number of points to be reduced as the
period is reduced (for periods less than 1·25 ms).
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Pulse-Train Set-up
Pulse-trains are turned on with the pulse-train soft key on the
STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen; pressing the setup… soft-key beside pulse-
train calls the first of the set-up screens:
Enter no of pulses
in train (1-10):
2
done next
The number of screens used for the set-up depends on the number of pulses in the pulse-
train. The first three screens define the parameters that apply to the whole pattern
(number of pulses, overall pulse-train period and baseline voltage). Subsequent screens
define the pulse level, width and delay for each pulse in turn (three screens for pulse 1,
then three screens for pulse 2, etc.).
Pressing the next soft key on any screen calls the next set-up screen, finally returning
the display to the STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen from which pulse-train can be
turned on and off.
Pressing the done soft key returns the display directly to the
STANDARD WAVEFORMS screen from any set-up screen.
The pulse-train is built only after the next soft key is pressed following the final
parameter set-up screen, or whenever done is pressed (always assuming a change has
been made).
The first screen, shown above, sets the number of pulses (1-10) in the pattern; enter the
number of pulses directly from the numeric keypad or by using the rotary control.
Pressing next calls the pulse train period screen:
Enter pulse train
period:
1
00·0us
done next
The period can be set, with 4-digit resolution, from 100.00 ns to 100 s by direct numeric
keypad entries or by using the rotary control.
Pressing next calls the baseline voltage screen, the last of the general set-up screens:
Enter the baseline
voltage:
+0
·000 V
done next
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Pulse and Pulse-trains
Pulse-Train Set-up10
The baseline is the signal level between the end of one pulse and the start of the next, i.e.
it is the level at which all pulses start and finish. The baseline can be set between -5·0 V
and +5·0 V by direct numeric keypad entries or by using the rotary control.
Note that the actual baseline level at the output will only be as set in this field if the
output amplitude is set to maximum (10 V p-p into 50 Ω) on the AMPLITUDE screen
and terminated in 50 Ω. The amplitude control scales the baseline setting, so that if, for
example, the amplitude were set to 5 V p-p into 50 Ω then the actual baseline range
would be -2·5 V to +2·5 V for set values of -5·0 V to +5·0 V.
Note also that the output levels are doubled when the output is not terminated.
Pressing next on this screen calls the first of 3 screens for the first pulse in the pattern:
Pulse 1 level
+5·000 V
done next
The pulse level can be set on this screen between -5·0 V and +5·0 V by direct numeric
keypad entries or by using the rotary control. As with the baseline level described above
the set pulse levels are only output if the amplitude setting is set to maximum (10 V p-p
into 50 Ω) on the AMPLITUDE screen and terminated in 50 Ω. Adjusting the amplitude
scales both the peak pulse levels and the baseline together, thus keeping the pulse shape
in proportion as the amplitude is changed, exactly as for arb waveforms.
Note also that the output levels are doubled when the output is not terminated.
By pressing the Pulse soft-key on this (and subsequent) screens, the pulse to be edited
can be directly selected using the numeric keypad or the rotary control. This is useful for
editing a particular pulse in a long pulse train without needing to step through all the
earlier pulses.
Pressing next then calls the pulse width screen for the first pulse:
Pulse 1 width
program 25·00 us
(actual 25·00 us)
done next
The width can be entered directly from the numeric keypad or by using the rotary control.
Any value in the range 25.00 ns to 99·99 s can be programmed but the actual value
may differ; for this reason the actual pulse width is shown below the program
width. The variation between program and actual will only really be noticeable
for very short pulse-train periods (only a few points in the pulse-train) and very long
periods (each of the 50,000 points has a long dwell time) for exactly the same reasons as
described in the Pulse Set-up section.
Pressing next calls the pulse delay screen for the first pulse:
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Pulse 1 delay
program +0·000 ns
(actual +0·000 ns)
done next
The pulse delay is entered in the same way as the pulse width and, again, the actual
delay is shown below the program delay for the same reasons. The delay value that
can be entered must be in the range ± (pulse-train period -1 point); positive values delay
the pulse with respect to waveform sync from SYNC OUT; negative values cause the
pulse to be output before the waveform sync.
Pressing next on this screen calls the first of the three screens for setting the
parameters of Pulse 2, and so on through all the pulses in the pulse-train. In this way all
parameters of all pulses are set. The pulse-train is built when next is pressed on the
last screen of the last pulse or when done is pressed on any screen.
You must be careful to ensure that the set widths and delays of the individual pulses are
compatible with each other and with the overall pulse-train period. Thus delays must not
be such that pulses overlap each other and the delays plus widths must not exceed the
pulse-train period; unpredictable results will occur if these rules are not followed.
Once the pulse-train has been defined the period can be adjusted irrespective of the pulse
width and delay settings for the individual pulses because, unlike a conventional pulse
generator, the individual pulse widths and delays are adjusted proportionally to the period
as the period is changed.
Period can also be changed from the PULSE-TRN PERIOD screen called by pressing
the FREQ key with pulse-train mode selected:
PULSE-TRN PERIOD
1
00·0us
done next
The new setting can be entered either as a period in the way already described, or as a
frequency by first pressing the freq soft-key. However, changing the period or
frequency from this screen is slightly different from changing the period on the
pulse-train setup screen. When changing from this screen the number of points
in the waveform is never changed (just as with a true arb) which means that the shortest
period that can be set is the number of waveform points times 25.00 ns. To achieve
higher frequencies (up to the specification limit) the period must be changed from the
pulse set-up screen; changing the frequency from this screen causes the number of points
to be reduced as the period is reduced (for periods less than 1·25 ms).
Waveform Hold in Pulse and Pulse-Train Modes
Pulse and pulse-train waveforms can be paused and re-started on any channel by using
the front panel MAN HOLD key or a signal applied to the rear panel HOLD IN socket.
On multi-channel instruments the channels which are to be held by the MAN HOLD key
or HOLD IN socket must first be enabled using the ARB HOLD INPUT screen,
accessed by pressing the HOLD key:
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Pulse and Pulse-trains
Waveform Hold in Pulse and Pulse-Train Modes10
ARB HOLD INPUT:
status: no hold
mode: disabled
Each channel is selected in turn using the channel SETUP keys and set using the mode
soft-key. The mode changes between disabled and enabled with alternate key
presses.
Pressing the front panel MAN HOLD key stops the waveform at the current level on all
enabled channels; pressing MAN HOLD a second time restarts the waveform from that
level. If the ARB HOLD INPUT screen is currently selected the status field will
change from no hold to manual hold while the waveform is paused.
A logic low or switch closure at the rear panel HOLD IN socket also stops the waveform
at the current level on all enabled channels; a logic high or switch opening restarts the
waveform from that level. If the ARB HOLD INPUT screen is currently selected the
status field will change from no hold to ext hold while the waveform is
paused.
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11-1
Chapter 11
Modulation
Introduction........................................................................................................ 11-2
External Modulation .......................................................................................... 11-2
External VCA ................................................................................................ 11-2
External SCM ................................................................................................ 11-3
Internal Modulation ........................................................................................... 11-3
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Introduction
You can use both internal and external modulation sources. External modulation can be
applied to any or all channels. Internal modulation uses the previous channel as the
modulation source; for example channel 2 can be used to modulate channel 3. Clearly,
internal modulation is not available on channel 1 or on a single channel instrument.
The external modulation mode can be either VCA (voltage controlled amplitude) or SCM
(suppressed carrier modulation). The internal modulation mode can be either true AM
(amplitude modulation) or SCM.
Modulation modes share some of the generator’s inter-channel resources with sum
modes; as a result there are some restrictions on using modulation and sum together but
they are generally outside the range of common-sense applications. To better understand
these constraints the following sections (and chapter 12, Sum) should be read with
reference to the block diagrams in appendix F. These show the control signals in a single
channel and the inter-channel connections.
The block diagrams also show the inter-channel trigger connections described in chapter
7, Triggered Burst and Gate; in general, inter-channel triggering is possible
simultaneously with modulation but few combinations are of real use.
External Modulation
Pressing the MODULATION key calls the MODULATION set-up screen:
MODULATION
source: ext
type: VCA
The source soft-key steps the modulation choice between off, external and
CHx where x is the number of the previous channel; this last choice is not available on
single channel instruments or on channel 1 of multi-channel instruments.
With ext selected the modulation can be switched between VCA and SCM with
alternate presses of the type soft-key. Both types of external modulation can be used
with internal or external sum.
External modulation can be applied to any or all channels.
External VCA
Select VCA with the type soft-key on the MODULATION screen. Connect the
modulating signal to the EXT MODULATION socket (nominally 1 kΩ input
impedance). A positive voltage increases the channel output amplitude and a negative
voltage decreases the amplitude. Note that clipping will occur if the combination of
channel amplitude setting and VCA signal attempts to drive the output above 20 V p-p
open-circuit voltage.
External AM is achieved by setting the channel to the required output level and applying
the modulation signal (which can be ac coupled if required) at the appropriate level to
obtain the modulation depth required. If the channel output level is changed the
amplitude of the modulating signal must also be changed to maintain the same
modulation depth.
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Modulation
Internal Modulation11
11-3
The VCA signal is applied to the amplifier chain prior to the output attenuators. The
amplifier itself is controlled over a limited range (approximately 10 dB); the full
amplitude range of the channel is achieved by switching in up to five 10 dB attenuation
stages. Peak modulation cannot exceed the maximum of the range within which the
channel output has been set by choice of amplitude setting. Whereas with internal AM
the generator gives warnings when the combination of modulation depth and amplitude
setting cause waveform clipping (see Internal Modulation below), it is up to the user to
observe the waveforms when using externally-driven VCA and to make adjustments to
prevent clipping. Note that it is not possible to give a simple guide as to where the range
clipping limits are because the use of dc offset, for example, changes them.
Within each 10 dB attenuator step the maximum output setting of the channel at which
clipping is av
oided is reduced from the range maximum to half this value as the
modulation is increased from 0 to 100 %. 100 % modulation will be achieved at this
mid-range setting with an external VCA signal of approximately 1 V p-p. The frequency
range for the modulating signal is DC to 100 kHz.
It is also possible to modulate a dc level from
the generator with a signal applied to the
EXT MOD
ULATION socket, as follows:
Set the generator to external trigger on the TRIGGER IN set-up screen but do not
appl
y a trigger signal to the TRIG IN socket; select square in the STANDARD
WAVEFORMS screen. The MAIN OUT socket now provides a constant voltage which is
the peak positive voltage defined by
the current amplitude setting. Pressing the ± key
with AMPLITUDE displayed will set the level to the peak negative voltage. T
his DC
level can now be modulated by the signal applied to the EXT MODULATION input.
External SCM
Select SCM with the type soft-key on the MODULATION screen. Connect the
m
odulating signal to the EXT MODULATION input (nominally 1 kΩ input impedance).
With no signal the carrier i
s fully suppressed; a positive or negative level change at the
modulation input increases the amplitude of the carrier. Note that clipping will occur if
the SCM signal attempts to drive the output above the 20 V p-p open-circuit voltage
limit.
Peak modulation, i.e. maximum carrier amplitude (20 V p-p), is achieved with an
external SCM level of appr
oximately ±1 V, i.e. a 2 V p-p signal. The modulation
frequency range is DC to 100 kHz.
When external SCM is selected for a channel the am
plitude control of that channel is
disabled. The AMPLITUDE set-up screen shows the message fixed by SCM.
Internal Modulation
Only the multi-channel instruments (models 282 and 284) can make use of internal
modulation; the single-channel model 281 has no internal modulation capability.
Pressing the MODULATION key calls the MODULATION set-up screen.
MODULATION
source: Ch3
type: SCM
level
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The source soft-key steps the modulation choice between off, external and
CHx where x is the number of the previous channel.
With CHx selected the modulation can be switched between AM and SCM with
alternate presses of the type soft-key.
When AM is selected the screen has an additional soft-key labeled depth; selecting
this key permits the modulation depth to be set directly from the keyboard or by the
rotary control.
Warnings are given when either a modulation depth or output amplitude change has
caused clipping; the new setting is accepted but one of the two parameters must be
changed to eliminate clipping.
When SCM is selected the screen has an additional soft-key labeled level; selecting
this key permits the peak carrier output level to be set directly from the keyboard or by
the rotary control. The maximum output level that can be set is 10 V p-p.
When internal SCM is selected for a channel both the amplitude control of that channel
and of the previous channel (which is the modulation source) are disabled. The
AMPLITUDE set-up screen of the channel being modulated shows the message
fixed by SCM. The AMPLITUDE screen of the previous channel shows the
message Set by CHx mod. and its status screen shows the message
x to indicate
that it is being used as a source for channel x.
Internal modulation can not be used with internal or external sum.
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12-1
Chapter 12
Sum
Introduction........................................................................................................ 12-2
External Sum...................................................................................................... 12-2
Internal Sum....................................................................................................... 12-3
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Introduction
Both internal and external sum can be selected; summing can be used to add noise to a
waveform, for example, or to add two signals for DTMF (dual tone multiple frequency)
testing.
External sum can be applied to any or all channels. Internal sum uses the previous
channel as the source, so that for example channel 2 can be added into channel 3; internal
sum is not available on channel 1 or on a single channel instrument.
Summing shares some of the generator’s inter-channel resources with the modulation
modes; as a result neither internal nor external sum can be used with internal modulation
but external modulation is still possible with sum.
To better understand the constraints, the following sections (and chapter 11, Modulation)
should be read with reference to the block diagrams in appendix F. These show the
control signals in a single channel and the inter-channel connections.
These diagrams also show the inter-channel trigger connections described in chapter 7,
Triggered Burst and Gate; in general, inter-channel triggering is possible simultaneously
with summing.
External Sum
In sum mode an external signal applied to the SUM input is summed with the
waveform(s) on the specified channel(s). The same sum input signal can be used at
different amplitudes with each of the channels with which it is summed.
Pressing the SUM key calls the SUM set-up screen:
SUM source: ext
ratio: 0dB
CH2 +2.00 Vpp
Pressing the source soft-key steps the sum sources between off, external and
CHx where x is the number of the previous channel.
With ext selected the screen is as shown above. The level of the SUM can be adjusted
independently for the selected channel by pressing the ratio soft-key; use the rotary
knob or cursor keys to set the SUM input attenuation for that channel from 0 to –50 dB in
10 dB steps. This facility permits the same SUM signal to be used at different levels with
each channel.
Clipping will occur if the sum input level attempts to drive the channel amplitude above
the maximum 20 V p-p open-circuit voltage. However, the relationship between the
SUM input and the maximum summed output depends not only on the sum input level
but also on the channel's own amplitude setting. This is because the sum input is applied
to the amplifier chain prior to the output attenuators. The amplifier itself is controlled
over a limited range (approximately10 dB) and the full amplitude range of the channel is
achieved by switching in up to five 10 dB attenuation stages. The summed output cannot
exceed the maximum of the range within which the channel output has been set by choice
of amplitude setting. Whereas with internal sum the generator gives warnings when the
combination of sum input and amplitude would cause waveform clipping (see Internal
Sum below), it is the responsibility of the user to observe the waveforms when using
external sum and to make adjustments if the waveform is clipped. Note that it is not
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Sum
Internal Sum12
possible to give a simple guide as to where the range breakpoints are because the use of
dc offset, for example, changes these points.
Within each range a SUM signal of approximately 2 V p-p will force the channel output
from the range minimum to the range maximum; if the channel amplitude is set to mid-
range then the SUM signal needed to force the output to range maximum is halved to
approximately 1 V p-p.
To facilitate the setting of appropriate sum and amplitude levels the output amplitude of
the selected channel can also be changed from the SUM set-up screen. Press the CHx
soft-key and adjust the amplitude with direct keyboard entries or by using the rotary
control.
External sum cannot be used with internal modulation.
Internal Sum
Only the multi-channel instruments (models 282 and 284) can make use of internal sum;
the single-channel model 281 has no internal sum capability.
Pressing the SUM key calls the SUM set-up screen:
SUM source: CH1
ratio: 1.00000
CH2 +2.00 Vpp
CH1 +2.00 Vpp
Pressing the source soft-key steps the sum source between off, external and
CHx (where x is the number of the previous channel). CHx is the source of the
internal sum signal.
With CHx selected for internal sum the screen is as shown above. The amplitude of
both the summing channel, CHx
+1, and the internal sum signal, CHx, are shown in
the display, together with the ratio in which they are combined. All three parameters
can be selected with the appropriate soft-key and set directly from the keyboard or by
using the rotary control. Changing any one parameter will also adjust one of the other
two; for example adjusting the amplitude of either channel will cause the displayed ratio
to change.
The value shown in the ratio field is the CHx amplitude divided by the CHx
+1
amplitude. Adjusting the ratio value directly changes the amplitude of the sum input
signal, CHx, not the channel’s output amplitude. When a value is entered into the
ratio field it is initially accepted as entered but may then change slightly to reflect the
actual ratio achieved with the nearest sum input amplitude that could be set for the given
channel output amplitude.
Warnings are given when either a ratio, sum input or output amplitude change is
attempted which would cause the channel's output to be driven into clipping.
In general it is recommended that the amplitude of the sum input is smaller than the
channel amplitude, i.e. the ratio is less than or equal to 1; ratio values can be set from
very small signal levels up to unity. If the sum input is greater than the channel amplitude
there will be combinations when the ratio can be set to a little greater than 1. Note that
the software will always accept an entry, make the calculation and, if the combination is
not possible, return the instrument to its last legitimate setting.
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The amplitude of the channel being used for the internal sum signal can still be adjusted
on its own AMPLITUDE set-up screen; its status screen shows the message
x to
indicate that it is being used as a source for channel x.
Internal sum cannot be used with internal modulation.
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13-1
Chapter 13
Synchronization
Introduction........................................................................................................ 13-2
Inter-Channel Synchronization.......................................................................... 13-2
Synchronizing Principles............................................................................... 13-2
Master-Slave Allocation................................................................................ 13-2
Phase-setting between Channels.................................................................... 13-3
Other Phase-Locking Considerations............................................................ 13-4
Synchronizing Two Generators ......................................................................... 13-5
Synchronizing Principles............................................................................... 13-5
Connections for Synchronization .................................................................. 13-5
Generator Set-ups.......................................................................................... 13-5
Synchronizing................................................................................................ 13-7
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Introduction
Two or more channels in one multi-channel generator can be synchronized together and
precise phase differences can be set between the channels. Two separate generators can
also be synchronized, giving a maximum of 8 channels that can be operated
synchronously.
Inter-Channel Synchronization
This section covers the use of a multi-channel instrument to produce two or more
synchronous signals, and certain restrictions which apply to some specific waveform and
frequency combinations.
Synchronizing Principles
Frequency locking is achieved by using the clock output from a master channel to drive
the clock inputs of one or more slave channels. Any one channel can be the master and
any or all the others can be slaves; master, slaves and independent channels can be mixed
on the same instrument.
When frequency locking is switched on, an internal lock signal from the CPU locks the
channels at the specified inter-channel phase and re-locks them automatically every time
the frequency is changed. The clock and internal lock signals are shown in the Inter-
Channel Block Diagram in appendix F. Channels to be locked together must all be
operated in continuous mode.
For DDS-generated waveforms (refer to Principles of Operation in chapter 4) it is the
27.4878 MHz signal that is distributed from the master to the slaves, and channels can in
principle be frequency-locked with any frequency combination. However, the number of
cycles between the phase-referenced points will be excessively large unless the ratio is a
small rational number; for example a 2 kHz signal could be locked usefully with 10 kHz,
50 kHz, 100 kHz, etc., but not with 2.001 kHz.
For clock synthesized waveforms it is the PLL clock of the master which is distributed
from master to slaves; the clock frequency for master and slaves is therefore always the
same. The number of points comprising the waveforms should also be the same to ensure
that the waveforms themselves appear locked.
From the foregoing it is clear that only DDS slaves can be locked to a DDS master and
only clock synthesized slaves can be locked to a clock synthesized master. In practice the
constraints described are not severe as the most common use of synchronization is to
provide outputs of the same waveform at the same frequency, or a harmonic of it, often
with controlled phase offsets.
Master-Slave Allocation
Press the front panel INTER CHannel key to call up the inter-channel set-up screen.
mode: indep
phase: +000.0º
(actual: +000.0º
status: off view
The mode soft-key can be used to select between independent, master,
master/freq and slave; the default mode is independent. Only one
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Synchronization
Inter-Channel Synchronization13
master can be set. (More than one master can be selected but when locking is turned
on with the status soft-key the set-up will be rejected.) Master/freq selects the
master and sets frequency-tracking; for this to be operational the master and slave(s) must
be set to the same frequency when locking is turned on. In this mode, when the frequency
of the master is changed the frequency of the slaves also changes and the slaves are re-
locked to the master.
Master/freq is the default mode when the waveforms are clock synthesized (arbs,
pulses, etc); if master has been set instead the mode will automatically change to
master/freq when locking is turned on. The frequency of clock synthesized
waveform slaves always therefore tracks the master. Finally, slave selects those
channel(s) which are to be locked to the master.
At any time, pressing the view soft-key gives a graphical view of the master-slave set-
up, for example:
CH
1 2 3 4
indep - - -
master
- - -
slave -
- exit
Channel locking is turned on or off with the status soft-key. Any illegal setting
combinations will result in an error message when an attempt is made to turn status on.
Any of the following conditions will cause an error (see also Synchronizing Principles
above for a discussion of the set-up constraints):
1. More than one master channel is enabled.
2. No master channel is enabled.
3. The locked channels contain a mixture of DDS and PLL generated waveforms.
4. Frequency tracking is enabled (mode: master/freq) but the frequencies are not the
same on all channels. If PLL waveforms are locked the mode will be forced to
frequency tracking.
5. A locked channel is not set to continuous mode.
6. An attempt is made to turn on phase lock with a frequency set too high. Note that the
maximum frequency for phase-locked DDS operation is 10MHz.
7. An attempt is made to set the frequency too high during phase lock. This error does
not set phase lock to off, the system simply inhibits the setting of the incorrect
frequency.
In addition to the illegal setting combinations there are further considerations which
affect the phase resolution and accuracy between channels; see below.
Phase-setting between Channels
The inter-channel set-up screen also has a field for setting up the phase of the slaves with
respect to the master:
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mode: indep
phase: +000.0º
(actual: +000.0º
status: off view
Selecting the phase soft-key allows the phase to be set by direct keyboard entry or by
rotary control. Setting the phase of a slave positive advances the waveform of the slave
with respect to the master; setting it negative delays the slave with respect to the master.
The phase of each slave channel can be set independently. The phase of the master can
also be set, although this function is intended primarily for use in phase-locking between
two generators. If both the master and the slaves are set to +90 °, say, on the same
generator then the waveforms will all be in phase again; if the master is set to +90 ° and
the slaves set to -90 ° the master and slave waveforms will be 180 ° out of phase.
DDS-generated waveforms can be phase-locked with 0.1 ° resolution up to their
maximum available frequency; sine, cosine, haversine and havercosine are limited to
10 MHz in phase-locked mode.
The phase-locking resolution of arbitrary waveforms will be less than 0.1 ° for
waveforms of less than 3600 points. The phase is fixed at 0 ° for pulses, pulse-trains and
sequences.
Below is a summary of the phase control and frequency range for different waveforms.
Waveform Max waveform
frequency
Phase control
range, resolution
Sine, cosine,
haversine, havercosine
10 MHz
± 360°, 0.1°
Square 16 MHz 0° only
Triangle 100 kHz ± 360°, 0.1°
Ramp 100 kHz ± 360°, 0.1°
Sin(x)/x 100 kHz ± 360°, 0.1°
Pulse & Pulse Train 10 MHz ± 360°, 360° ÷ length or 0.1°
Arbitrary 40 MS/s clock ± 360°, 360° ÷ length or 0.1°
Sequence 40 MS/s clock 0° only
When phase-locking is turned on with the status soft-key the slaves are re-locked
automatically after every phase or frequency setting change.
Further considerations are listed below.
Other Phase-Locking Considerations
The Master-Slave Allocation and Phase Setting between Channels sections contain tables
of specific limitations on the selection of frequency, waveform type and phase-setting
range and resolution. The following four points should also be considered.
1. The waveform filters introduce a frequency-dependent delay above about 1 MHz;
this will affect the accuracy of the phase between locked waveforms at different
frequencies.
2. Square waves, which are 2-point clock synthesized waveforms, will not reliably lock
to other clock synthesized waveforms.
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Synchronization
Synchronizing Two Generators13
13-5
3. Pulse and pulse train waveforms will lock to other pulse and pulse-trains (and to each
other) but should be built with equal periods.
4. Arb waveforms should be the same length (althou
gh this requirement is not forced
and violations do not create error messages).
Synchronizing Two Generators
This section covers the use of two generators to produce two or more synchronous
signals. It is possible to link more than two generators in this way but the results are not
guaranteed.
Synchronizing Principles
Frequency locking is achieved by using the clock output from the master generator to
drive the clock inputs of a
slave. The additional connection of an initializing SYNC
signal permits the slave to be synchronized such that the phase relat
ionship between
master and slave outputs is that specified on the slave generator’s inter-channel set-up
screen.
Synchronization is only possible between generators when the ratio of the m
aster and
slave frequencies is rational, e.g. 3 kHz can be synchronized with 2 kHz but not with 7
kHz.
Special considerations arise with waveforms generated b
y clock synthesis mode (square
wave, arbitrary, pulse, pulse-train and sequence) because of the relatively poor precision
with which the frequency is actually derived in the hardware. With these waveforms,
frequencies with an apparently rational relationship (e.g. 3:1) may be individually
synthesized such that the ratio is not close enough to e.g. 3:1 to maintain phase lock over
a period of time; the only relationships guaranteed to be realized precisely are 2
n
:1
because the division stages in clock synthesis mode are binary.
A further complication arises with arb waveforms because waveform frequency depends
on b
oth waveform size and clock frequency (waveform frequency = clock frequency
divided by waveform size). The important relationship with arbs is the ratio of clock
frequencies and the above considerations on precision apply to them. The most practical
use of synchronization will be to provide outputs at the same frequency, or maybe
harmonics, but with phase differences.
Connections for Synchronization
The clock connection arrangement is for the rear panel REF CLOCK IN/OUT of the
mast
er, which will be set to phase lock master, to be connected directly to the
REF CL
OCK IN/OUT socket of the slave, which will be set to phase lock slave.
Similarly the synchronizing connection is from any SYNC OUT of the master (which all
default to phase lock) to the TRIG IN socket of the slave.
Generator Set-ups
Each generator can have its main parameters set to any values, with the exception that the
ratio of frequencies between master and
slave must obey the rules above; and each
generator can be set to any waveform (but see the section on Synchronizing Principles
above). Best results will be achieved if the constraints forced on inter-channel
synchronization are adopted for inter-generator synchronization.
The master has its CLOCK IN/OUT set to phase lock master on the
REF. CLOCK I/O SETUP menu called by the ref. clock i/o soft-key on the
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UTILITY screen. Refer to chapter 14, System Operations from the Utility Menu for
additional information.
REF CLOCK I/O SETUP
input
output
phase lock slave
Repeated presses of the phase lock soft-key toggle between master and
slave.
The slave is set to slave. Setting the slave generator to phase lock slave
forces the slave’s mode to continuous and defaults all the SYNC OUT outputs to phase
lock. Only one of the SYNC OUTs is needed for inter-generator synchronization; the
others may be reset to other functions if required. The phase relationship between the
slave and the master is set on the inter-channel set-up screen of the slave, accessed by
pressing the INTER CHannel key.
mode: indep
phase: +000.0º
(actual: +000.0º
status: off view
The phase of the slave generator is set by adjusting the phase of the master channel on the
slave generator’s inter-channel set-up screen exactly as described above for phase setting
between the channels of a multi-channel instrument. The same section also covers the set-
up for the phase(s) of the slave channel(s) on the slave generator.
When a single-channel generator (which has no inter-channel set-up key or screen) is the
slave, its phase is set using the TRIGGER/GATE SETUP screen. The Trigger Phase
section of the Triggered Burst and Gate chapter covers this process.
The convention adopted for the phase relationship between generators is the same as that
used between channels, i.e. a positive phase setting advances the slave generator with
respect to the master and a negative setting delays the slave generator. The status of the
slave generator on the inter-channel set-up screen must be set to on (this is automatic
on a single channel instrument).
Hardware delays become increasingly significant as frequency increases causing
additional phase delay between the master and slaves. However, these delays can be
largely nulled-out by backing off the phase settings of the slaves.
Typically these hardware delays are as follows:
DDS waveforms: <± 25 ns <1° to 100 kHz
Clock Synthesized waveforms: <300 ns <1° to 10 kHz.
Clearly a multi-channel generator gives much closer inter-channel phase-locking and is
the recommended method for up to 4 channels.
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Synchronization
Synchronizing Two Generators13
13-7
Synchronizing
Having made the connections and set up the generators as describ
ed in the preceding
paragraphs, synchronization is achieved by pressing the MAN TRIG key of the slave.
Once sy
nchronized any change to the set-up will require resynchronization with the
MAN T
RIG key again.
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14-1
Chapter 14
System Operations from the Utility Menu
Introduction........................................................................................................ 14-2
Storing and Recalling Set-ups............................................................................ 14-2
Channel Waveform Information........................................................................ 14-2
Warnings and Error messages............................................................................ 14-3
Remote Interface Set-up .................................................................................... 14-3
Reference Clock In/Out Setting......................................................................... 14-3
Cursor/Marker Output........................................................................................ 14-3
Power On Setting............................................................................................... 14-4
System Information............................................................................................ 14-4
Calibration ......................................................................................................... 14-5
Copying Channel Set-ups .................................................................................. 14-5
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Introduction
Pressing the UTILITY key calls a list of menus which give access to various system
operations including storing and recalling set-ups from non-volatile memory, error
messages, power-on settings and calibration.
Storing and Recalling Set-ups
Complete waveform set-ups can be stored to or recalled from non-volatile RAM using
the menus called by the store… and recall… soft-keys.
Pressing the store… soft-key (or the STORE front panel key, in the case of multi-
channel instruments) calls the store screen:
Save to store No: 1
execute
Nine stores are available, numbered 1 to 9 inclusive. Select the store using the rotary
control or direct keyboard entry and press execute to implement the store function.
Pressing recall… (or the RECALL front panel key) calls the recall screen:
Recall store No: 1
set defaults
execute
In addition to the user-defined stores, the factory defaults can be reloaded by pressing the
set defaults soft-key. Note that loading the defaults does not change any arbitrary
waveforms, the set-ups stored in memories 1 to 9, or the RS232/GPIB interface settings.
Channel Waveform Information
Information about each channel’s waveform memory can be viewed by pressing the
chan wfm info… soft-key:
CHANNEL WFM INFO:
waveforms: 1
free mem: 65436
exit
For each channel selected (using the channel SETUP keys), the number of waveforms
and the free memory on that channel are shown.
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System Operations from the Utility Menu
Warnings and Error messages14
Warnings and Error messages
The default set-up is for all warning and error messages to be displayed and for a beep to
sound with each message. This set-up can be changed on the error… menu:
error beep: ON
error message: ON
warn beep: ON
warn message: ON
Each feature can be turned ON or OFF with alternate presses of the appropriate soft-
key.
The last two error messages can be viewed by pressing the last error… soft-key.
Each message has a number and the full list appears in appendix B. See also Warnings
and Error Messages in chapter 5, Standard Waveform Operation.
Remote Interface Set-up
Pressing remote… calls the REMOTE SETUP screen which permits RS232 or GPIB
choice and the selection of address and Baud rate. Full details are given in chapter 16,
Remote Operation.
Reference Clock In/Out Setting
The function of the rear panel REF CLOCK IN/OUT socket is set on the
REF. CLOCK I/O screen, called by pressing the ref. clock i/o soft-key:
REF. CLOCK I/O:
input
output
phase lock
The default setting is for the socket to be set to input, i.e. an input for an external 10
MHz reference clock. When set to input the system is automatically switched over to
the external reference when an adequate signal level (TTL/CMOS threshold) is detected
at the REF CLOCK IN/OUT socket but will continue to run from the internal clock in
the absence of such a signal.
With the clock set to output a buffered version of the internal 10 MHz clock is made
available at the socket.
With phase lock selected the socket can be set to be a master or a slave
when used for synchronizing (phase-locking) multiple generators. Refer to chapter 13,
Synchronization for full details.
Cursor/Marker Output
Pressing the cursor/marker… soft-key calls the CURSOR/MARKER OUTPUT
screen:
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CURSOR/MARKER OUTPUT
amplitude: 2V
polarity: negative
cursor width: 1
The cursor/marker signal is output from the rear panel CURSOR/MARKER OUT
socket. It is used as a marker in sweep mode or as a cursor in arbitrary waveform mode. It
can be used to modulate the Z-axis of an oscilloscope or be displayed on a second
oscilloscope channel.
With amplitude selected the cursor/marker level can be set between 2 and 14 V in 2
V steps. With polarity selected the polarity can be set positive or
negative. With polarity set to positive the cursor/marker is a positive-
going pulse from the 0 V baseline; with polarity set to negative the cursor/marker is
a negative-going pulse from the 2 to 14V set amplitude level; i.e. negative gives an
inverted signal.
When used as a sweep marker (with sweep mode selected) the width is determined by the
time spent at the marker frequency. See the section headed Sweep Marker in chapter 6,
Sweep for full details.
When used as a cursor during arbitrary waveform editing (with edit waveform
selected on the MODIFY screen) the width can be adjusted by repeated presses of the
cursor width soft-key or by using the rotary control. The width is adjustable so that
the cursor can still be made visible even with long arbitrary waveforms. The width is
always an odd number of waveform points increasing in steps of 2 points (1, 3, 5, 7, etc.).
A width setting of 1 corresponds to 1 waveform point, width: 2 is 3 points,
width: 3 is 5 points and so on up to width: 30 which is 59 points.
Power On Setting
Pressing the power on… soft-key calls the POWER ON SETTING screen:
POWER ON SETTING
default values
restore last setup
recall store no. 1
The setting loaded can be selected with the appropriate soft key to be
default values (the default setting), restore last setup (i.e. the settings
at power down are restored at power up) or any of the settings stored in non-volatile
memories 1 to 9. Default values restores the factory default settings, described in the
appendix.
System Information
The system info… soft-key calls the SYSTEM INFO screen which shows the
instrument name and software revision. When system info… is pressed a checksum
is also calculated on the firmware EPROM and the result displayed; this can be used
when a software fault is suspected to check that the contents of the EPROM have not
been corrupted.
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System Operations from the Utility Menu
Calibration14
Calibration
Pressing the calibration soft key calls the calibration routine, described in chapter
15, Calibration.
Copying Channel Set-ups
An easy way of copying complete channel set-ups (waveform, frequency, amplitude, etc.)
is accessed by pressing the COPY CHannel key:
copy channel: 1
to channel: 2
execute
The first line of the screen shows which channel is currently selected with the channel
SETUP keys. Pressing the to channel: soft-key steps the channel number through
all the other channels of the instrument.
Select the channel to be changed and make the copy by pressing the execute soft-
key.
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15-1
Chapter 15
Calibration
Introduction........................................................................................................ 15-2
Equipment Required.......................................................................................... 15-2
Calibration Procedure ........................................................................................ 15-2
Setting the Password...................................................................................... 15-2
Password Access to Calibration .................................................................... 15-3
Changing the Password ................................................................................. 15-3
Calibration Routine............................................................................................ 15-3
Remote Calibration............................................................................................ 15-5
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Introduction
All parameters can be calibrated without opening the instrument case; the generator
offers ‘closed-box’ calibration. All adjustments are made digitally with calibration
constants stored in EEPROM. The calibration routine requires only a digital voltmeter
(DVM) and a frequency counter and takes no more than a few minutes.
The crystal in the timebase is pre-aged but a further ageing of up to ±5 ppm can occur in
the first year. Since the ageing rate decreases exponentially with time it is an advantage to
recalibrate after the first six month’s use. Apart from this it is unlikely that any other
parameters will need adjustment.
Calibration should be carried out only after the generator has been operating for at least
30 minutes in normal ambient conditions.
Equipment Required
1. 3½ digit DVM with 0·25% dc accuracy and 0·5% ac accuracy at 1 kHz.
2. Frequency counter capable of measuring 10·00000 MHz.
The DVM is connected to the MAIN OUT of each channel in turn and the counter to any
SYNC OUT.
Frequency meter accuracy will determine the accuracy of the generator’s clock setting
and should ideally be ±1 ppm.
Calibration Procedure
The calibration procedure is accessed by pressing the calibration… soft-key on the
UTILITY screen.
CALIBRATION SELECTED
Are you sure ?
password… tests…
exit continue
The software provides for a 4-digit password in the range 0000 to 9999. The password is
used to protect against accidental or unauthorized access to the calibration procedure. If
the password is left at the factory default of 0000 no messages are shown and calibration
can proceed as described in the Calibration Routine section below; only if a non-zero
password has been set will the user be prompted to enter the password.
Setting the Password
On opening the calibration screen press the password… soft-key to show the
password screen:
ENTER NEW PASSWORD
----
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Calibration
Calibration Routine15
15-3
Enter a 4-digit password from the keyboard; the display will show the message
NEW PASSWORD STORED! for two seconds and then revert to the UTILITY menu.
If any ke
ys other than 0-9 are pressed while entering the password the message
ILLEGAL PASSWORD! will be shown.
The password is held in EEPROM and will not be lost
when the memory battery back-up
is lost. In the event of the password being forgotten, contact the manufacturer for help in
resetting the instrument.
Password Access to Calibration
With the password set, pressing calibration… on the UTILITY screen will now
show:
ENTER PASSWORD
----
When the correct password has been entered fro
m the keyboard the display changes to
the opening screen of the calibration routine and calibration can proceed as described
below. If an incorrect password is entered the message INCORRECT PASSWORD! is
shown for tw
o seconds before the display reverts to the UTILITY menu.
Changing the Password
With the opening screen of the calibration routine displayed after correctly entering the
password, the password ca
n be changed by pressing the password… soft-key and
following t
he procedure described above. If the password is set back to the factory
default value 0000, password protection is removed.
Calibration Routine
The calibration procedure is entered by pressing continue on the opening calibration
screen; pressing exit returns the display to the UTILITY menu.
Pressing tests… calls a menu of basic hardware checks used at production test; these
are largely
self-explanatory but details can be found in the Service Manual if required. At
each step the display changes to prompt the user to adjust the rotary control or cursor
keys, until the reading on the specified instrument is at the value given. The cursor keys
provide coarse adjustment, and the rotary control fine adjustment.
Pressing next increments the procedure to the next step; pressing CE decrements
back to the previous step.
Alternatively, pressing exit returns the display to the last
calibration sc
reen at which the user can choose to either save new values,
recall old values or calibrate again.
The first two displays (CAL 00 and CAL 01) specify the connections and adjustment
method. The next displa
y (CAL 02) allows the starting channel to be chosen; this allows
quick access t
o any particular channel. To calibrate the complete instrument choose the
default setting of CH1. The subsequent displays, CAL 03 to CAL 55, permit all
adjustable param
eters to be calibrated.
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15-4
The full procedure is as follows:
CAL 03 CH1 DC offset zero Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 04 CH1 DC offset at + full scale Adjust for +10 V ±10 mV
CAL 05 CH1 DC offset at - full sca
le Check for -10 V ±3%
CAL 06 CH1 Multiplier zero Adjust for minimum voltage (AC)
CAL 07 CH1 Multiplier offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 08 CH1 Waveform offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 09 CH1 Output level at full-scale Adjust for 10 V ±10 mV
CAL 10 CH1 20 dB attenuator Adjust for 1 V ± 1 mV
CAL 11 CH1 40 dB attenuator Adjust for 0·1 V ±1 mV
CAL 12 CH1 10 dB attenuator Adjust for 2·236 V AC ±10 mV
CAL 13 CH1 Not used
CAL 14 CH1 Not used
CAL 15 CH1 Not used
CAL 16 CH2 DC offset zero Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 17 CH2 DC offset at + full-scale. Adjust for +10 V ±10 mV
CAL 18 CH2 DC offset at - full-sca
le Check for -10 V ±3%
CAL 19 CH2 Multiplier zero Adjust for minimum voltage (AC)
CAL 20 CH2 Multiplier offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 21 CH2 Waveform offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 22 CH2 Output level at full-scale Adjust for 10 V ±10 mV
CAL 23 CH2 20 dB attenuator Adjust for 1 V ± 1 mV
CAL 24 CH2 40 dB attenuator Adjust for 0·1 V ±1 mV
CAL 25 CH2 10 dB attenuator Adjust for 2·236 V AC ±10 mV
CAL 26 CH2 Sum offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 27 CH2 SCM level at full-scale Adjust for 5 V ±5 mV
CAL 28 CH2 AM level at full-scale Adjust for 10 V ±10 mV
CAL 29 CH3 DC offset zero Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 30 CH3 DC offset at + full scale Adjust for +10 V ±10 mV
CAL 31 CH3 DC offset at - full sca
le Check for -10 V ±3%
CAL 32 CH3 Multiplier zero Adjust for minimum voltage (AC)
CAL 33 CH3 Multiplier offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 34 CH3 Waveform offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 35 CH3 Output level at full-scale Adjust for 10 V ±10 mV
CAL 36 CH3 20dB attenuator Adjust for 1 V ± 1 mV
CAL 37 CH3 40dB attenuator Adjust for 0·1 V ±1 mV
CAL 38 CH3 10dB attenuator Adjust for 2·236 V AC ±10 mV
CAL 39 CH3 Sum offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 40 CH3 SCM level at full-scale Adjust for 5 V ±5 mV
CAL 41 CH3 AM level at full-scale Adjust for 10 V ±10 mV
CAL 42 CH4 DC offset zero Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 43 CH4 DC offset at + full scale Adjust for +10 V ±10 mV
CAL 44 CH4 DC offset at - full sca
le Check for -10 V ±3%
CAL 45 CH4 Multiplier zero Adjust for minimum voltage (AC)
CAL 46 CH4 Multiplier offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 47 CH4 Waveform offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 48 CH4 Output level at full-scale Adjust for 10 V ±10 mV
CAL 49 CH4 20dB attenuator Adjust for 1 V ± 1 mV
CAL 50 CH4 40dB attenuator Adjust for 0·1 V ±1 mV
CAL 51 CH4 10dB attenuator Adjust for 2·236 V AC ±10 mV
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Remote Calibration15
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CAL 52 CH4 Sum offset Adjust for 0 V ±5 mV
CAL 53 CH4 SCM level at full-scale Adjust for 5 V ±5 mV
CAL 54 CH4 AM level at full-scale Adjust for 10 V ±10 mV
CAL 55 Clock calibrate Adjust for 10·00000 MHz at SYNC OUT.
Remote Calibration
Calibration of the instrument may be performed over the RS232 or GPIB interface. To
completely automate the process the DVM and frequency meter will also need to be
remotely controlled and the controller will need to run a calibration program specific to
this instrument.
The remote calibration commands allow a simplified version of
manual calibration to be
performed by issuing commands from the controller. The controller must send the
CALADJ command repeatedly and read the DVM or frequency meter until the required
result for the select
ed calibration step is achieved. The CALSTEP command is then
issued to acce
pt the new value and move to the next step.
While in remote calibration mode very little error checking is perform
ed and it is the
controller's responsibility to ensure that everything progresses correctly. Only the
following commands should be used during calibration.
Important note
Using any other commands while in calibration mode may give
unpredictable
results and could cause the instrument to lock up, requiring
the power to be cycled to regain control.
CALIBRATION <cpd>
[,nrf]
The calibration control command. <cpd> can be one
of three sub-commands:
START Enter calibration mode; this command must be issued
before any
other calibration commands will be
recognized.
SAVE Finish calibration, save the new values and exit
calibration mode.
ABORT Finish calibration, do not save the new values and exit
calibration mode.
<nrf> represents the calibration password.
The password is only
required with
CALIBRATION START and then only if a non-zero
password has
been set from the instrument’s keyboard.
The password will be ignored, and will give no errors, at
all other times.
It is not possible to set or change the password using
re
mote commands.
CALADJ <nrf> Adjust the selected calibration value by <nrf>. The
value
must be in the range -100 to +100.
Once an adjustment has been completed and the new
value is as required the CALSTEP
command must be
issued for the new value to be accepted.
CALSTEP Step to the next calibration point.
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15-6
For general information on remote operation and remote command formats, refer to
chapter 16, Remote Operation.
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16-1
Chapter 16
Remote Operation
Introduction........................................................................................................ 16-2
Address and Baud Rate Selection ...................................................................... 16-2
Remote/Local Operation.................................................................................... 16-2
RS232 Interface ................................................................................................. 16-3
RS232 Interface Connector ........................................................................... 16-3
Single Instrument RS232 Connections.......................................................... 16-3
Addressable RS232 Connections................................................................... 16-3
RS232 Character Set...................................................................................... 16-4
Addressable RS232 Interface Control Codes ................................................ 16-4
Full List of Addressable RS232 Interface Control Codes......................... 16-6
GPIB Interface ................................................................................................... 16-6
GPIB Subsets................................................................................................. 16-6
GPIB IEEE Std. 488.2 Error Handling.......................................................... 16-6
GPIB Parallel Poll ......................................................................................... 16-7
Status Reporting................................................................................................. 16-7
Standard Event Status and Standard Event Status Enable Registers............. 16-7
Status Byte Register and Service Request Enable Register........................... 16-8
Power on Settings .............................................................................................. 16-9
Remote Commands............................................................................................ 16-10
RS232 Remote Command Formats ............................................................... 16-10
GPIB Remote Command Formats................................................................. 16-10
Command List ............................................................................................... 16-11
Channel Selection.......................................................................................... 16-11
Frequency and Period .................................................................................... 16-12
Amplitude and DC Offset.............................................................................. 16-12
Waveform Selection ...................................................................................... 16-12
Arbitrary Waveform Create and Delete......................................................... 16-13
Arbitrary Waveform Editing ......................................................................... 16-14
Waveform Sequence Control ........................................................................ 16-17
Mode Commands........................................................................................... 16-17
Input/Output control ...................................................................................... 16-18
Modulation Commands ................................................................................. 16-19
Phase Locking Commands ............................................................................ 16-19
Status Commands .......................................................................................... 16-19
Miscellaneous Commands............................................................................. 16-21
Remote Command Summary............................................................................. 16-22
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Introduction
The instrument can be remotely controlled via its RS232 or GPIB interfaces. When using
RS232 it can either be the only instrument connected to the controller or it can be part of
an addressable RS232 system which permits up to 32 instruments to be addressed from
one RS232 port.
Some of the following sections are general and apply to all 3 modes (single instrument
RS232, addressable RS232 and GPIB); others are clearly only relevant to a particular
interface or mode. It is only necessary to read the general sections plus those specific to
the intended remote control mode.
Address and Baud Rate Selection
For successful operation, each instrument connected to the GPIB or addressable RS232
system must be assigned a unique address and, in the case of addressable RS232, all must
be set to the same Baud rate.
The instrument’s remote address for operation on both the RS232 and GPIB interfaces is
set via the remote menu on the UTILITY screen.
REMOTE:
interface: RS232
address: 05
baud rate: 9600
With interface selected with the interface soft-key, the selection can be
toggled between RS232 and GPIB with alternate presses of the soft-key, the cursor
keys or by using the rotary control.
With address selected, the soft-key, cursor keys or rotary control can be used to set
the address.
With baud rate selected, the soft-key, cursor keys or rotary control can be used to
set the baud rate for the RS232 interface.
When operating on the GPIB all device operations are performed through a single
primary address; no secondary addressing is used. Note also that GPIB address 31 is not
allowed by the IEEE 488 standards but it is possible to select it as an RS232 address.
Remote/Local Operation
At power-on the instrument will be in the local state with the REMOTE lamp off. In this
state all keyboard operations are possible. When the instrument is addressed to listen and
a command is received the remote state will be entered and the REMOTE lamp will
illuminate. In this state the keyboard is locked out and remote commands only will be
processed. The instrument may be returned to the local state by pressing the LOCAL
key; however, the effect of this action will remain only until the instrument is addressed
again or receives another character from the interface, when the remote state will once
again be entered.
16-2
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Remote Operation
RS232 Interface16
RS232 Interface
RS232 Interface Connector
The 9-way D-type serial interface connector is located on the instrument rear panel. The
pin connections are as shown in chapter 3, Connections, table 3-1.
Single Instrument RS232 Connections
For single instrument remote control only pins 2, 3 and 5 are connected to the PC.
However, for correct operation links must be made in the connector at the PC end
between pins 1, 4 and 6 and between pins 7 and 8, as shown below. Pins 7 and 8 of the
instrument must not be connected to the PC. This means you should not use a fully wired
9–way cable.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
DCD
RX
TX
DTR
GND
DSR
RTS
CTS
RI
RX
TX
GND
INSTRUMENT
9-WAY D
MALE
PC
9-WAY D
FEMALE
LINK TO
NULL OUT PC
shb0009f.emf
Figure 16-1. Single Instrument RS232 Connections
Baud Rate is set as described above; the other parameters are fixed as follows:
Start Bits: 1
Data Bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop Bits: 1
Addressable RS232 Connections
For addressable RS232 operation pins 7, 8 and 9 of the instrument connector are also
used.
Using a simple cable assembly you can make a 'daisy chain' connection system between
any number of instruments up to the maximum of 32, as shown below:
INSTRUMENT
1
INSTRUMENT
2
INSTRUMENT
3
CONTROLLER
TO NEXT
INSTRUMENT
shb0010f.emf
Figure 16-2. RS232 Daisy-Chained Instruments
16-3
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The daisy chain consists of the transmit data (TXD), receive date (RXD) and signal
ground lines only. There are no control/handshake lines. This makes XON/XOFF
protocol essential and allows the inter-connection between instruments to contain just 3
wires. The wiring of the adaptor cable is shown below:
RX
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
DCD
RX
TX
DTR
GND
DSR
RTS
CTS
RI
TX
GND
9-WAY D
MALE
9-WAY D
FEMALE
123456789
TX RX TXIN RXOUT
UP TOWARDS
CONTROLLER
DOWN TOWARDS
OTHER INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENT
CONNECTOR
9-WAY D
MALE
shb0011f.emf
Figure 16-3. RS232 Daisy-Chain Connector Wiring
All instruments on the interface must be set to the same baud rate and all must be
powered on, otherwise instruments further down the daisy chain will not receive any data
or commands.
The other parameters are fixed as follows:
Start Bits: 1
Data Bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop Bits: 1
RS232 Character Set
Because of the need for XON/XOFF handshaking it is only possible to send ASCII coded
data; binary blocks are not allowed. Bit 7 of ASCII codes is ignored, i.e. assumed to be
low. No distinction is made between upper and lower case characters in command
mnemonics and they may be freely mixed. The ASCII codes below 20H (space) are
reserved for addressable RS232 interface control. (In this manual 20H means 20 in
hexadecimal.)
Addressable RS232 Interface Control Codes
All instruments intended for use on the addressable RS232 bus use the following set of
interface control codes. Codes between 00H and 1FH which are not listed here as having
a particular meaning are reserved for future use and will be ignored. Mixing interface
control codes inside instrument commands is not allowed except as stated below for CR
and LF codes and for XON and XOFF codes.
When an instrument is first powered on it will automatically enter the non-addressable
mode. In this mode the instrument will not respond to any address commands. This
allows the instrument to function as a normal RS232 controllable device. The non-
addressable mode may be locked by sending the Lock Non-Addressable mode control
code, 04H. The controller and instrument can now freely use all 8 bit codes and binary
16-4
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Remote Operation
RS232 Interface16
16-5
blocks but all interface control codes are ignored. To return to addressable mode the
instrument must be powered off.
To enable addressable mode after an instru
ment has been powered on the Set
Addressable Mode control code, 02H, must be sent. This will then enable all instruments
connected to the addressable RS232 bus to respond to all interface control codes. To
return to non-addressable mode the Lock Non-Addressable mode control code must be
sent which will disable addressable mode until the instruments are powered off.
Before you can send a command to an instrument it m
ust be addressed to listen by
sending the Listen Address control code, 12H, followed by a single character which has
the lower 5 bits corresponding to the unique address of the required instrument. Thus the
codes A-Z (or a-z) give the addresses 1-26 inclusive while @ is address 0 and so on.
Once addressed to listen the addressed instrument will read and act upon any commands
sent until the listen mode is cancelled.
Because of the asynchronous nature of the interface it is necessary for the controller to be
inform
ed that an instrument has accepted the listen address sequence and is ready to
receive commands. The controller will therefore wait for the addressed instrument to
provide the Acknowledge code, 06H, before sending any commands. The controller
should time-out and try again if no Acknowledge is received within 5 seconds.
Listen mode will be cancelled on receipt of any
of the following interface control codes:
12H Listen Address followed by an address not belonging to this instrument.
14H Talk Address for any instrument.
03H Universal Unaddress control code.
04H Lock Non-Addressable mode control code.
18H Universal Device Clear.
Before a response can be read from an instrument it m
ust be addressed to talk by sending
the Talk Address control code, 14H, followed by a single character which has the lower 5
bits corresponding to the unique address of the required instrument, as for the listen
address control code above. Once addressed to talk the instrument will send the response
message it has available, if any, and then exit the talk addressed state. Only one response
message will be sent each time the instrument is addressed to talk.
Talk mode will be cancelled by any of the following interface
control codes being
received:
12H Listen Address for any instrument.
14H Talk Address followed by an address not belongi
ng to this instrument.
03H Universal Unaddress control code.
04H Lock Non-Addressable mode control code.
18H Universal Device Clear.
Talk mode will also be cancelled when the instrument has co
mpleted sending a response
message or has nothing to say.
The interface code 0AH (LF) is the universal command and response terminator; it must
be the last code sent in all co
mmands and will be the last code sent in all responses.
The interface code 0DH (CR) may be used as required to aid the formatting of
co
mmands; it will be ignored by all instruments. Most instruments will terminate
responses with CR followed by LF.
The interface code 13H (XOFF) may be sent at any time by a listener (instrument or
controller) to
suspend the output of a talker. The listener must send 11H (XON) before
the talker will resume sending. This is the only form of handshake control supported by
the addressable RS232 mode.
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Full List of Addressable RS232 Interface Control Codes
02H Set Addressable Mode.
03H Universal Unaddress control code.
04H Lock Non-Addressable mode control code.
06H Acknowledge that listen address received.
0AH Line Feed (LF); used as the universal command and response terminator.
0DH Carriage Return (CR); formatting code, otherwise ignored.
11H Restart transmission (XON).
12H Listen Address - must be followed by an address belonging to the required
instrument.
13H Stop transmission (XOFF).
14H Talk Address - must be followed by an address belonging to the required
instrument.
18H Universal Device Clear.
GPIB Interface
The 24-way GPIB connector is located on the instrument rear panel. The pin connections
are as specified in IEEE Std. 488.1-1987 and the instrument complies with IEEE Std.
488.1-1987 and IEEE Std. 488.2-1987.
GPIB Subsets
This instrument contains the following IEEE 488.1 subsets:
Source Handshake SH1
Acceptor Handshake AH1
Talker T6
Listener L4
Service Request SR1
Remote Local RL1
Parallel Poll PP1
Device Clear DC1
Device Trigger DT1
Controller C0
Electrical Interface E2
GPIB IEEE Std. 488.2 Error Handling
The IEEE 488.2 UNTERMINATED error (addressed to talk with nothing to say) is
handled as follows. If the instrument is addr
essed to talk and the response formatter is
inactive and the input queue is empty then the UNTERMINATED error is generated.
This will cause the Query
Error bit to be set in the Standard Event Status Register, a
value of 3 to be placed in the Query Error Register and the parser to be reset.
The IEEE 488.2 INTERRUPTED error is handled as follows. If the response formatter
is waiting to
send a response message and a <PROGRAM MESSAGE TERMINATOR>
has been read by the parser or the inp
ut queue contains more than one END message
then the instrument has been INTERRUPTED and an error is generated. This will cause
the Query
Error bit to be set in the Standard Event Status Register, a value of 1 to be
placed in the Query Error Register and the response formatter to be reset thus clearing the
output queue. The parser will then start parsing the next <PROGRAM MESSAGE
UNIT> from the input queue.
The IEEE 488.2 DEADLOCK error is handled as follows. If the response formatter is
waiting to send a response message and the input
queue becomes full then the instrument
enters the DEADLOCK state and an error is generated. This will cause the Query Error
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Remote Operation
Status Reporting16
16-7
bit to be set in the Standard Event Status Register, a value of 2 to be placed in the Query
Error Register and the response formatter to be reset thus clearing the output queue. The
parser will then start parsing the next <PROGRAM MESSAGE UNIT> from the input
queue.
The section below on Status Reporting provides further information on these three error
handling proc
esses.
GPIB Parallel Poll
Complete parallel poll capabilities are offered on this generator. The Parallel Poll Enable
Register is set to specify
which bits in the Status Byte Register are to be used to form the
ist local message The Parallel Poll Enable Register is set by the
*
PRE <nrf>
command and read by the
*
PRE? command. The value in the Parallel Poll Enable
Register is ANDed with the Status By
te Register; if the result is zero then the value of
ist is 0; otherwise the value of ist is 1.
The instrument must also be configured so that the value of ist can be returned to the
controller dur
ing a parallel poll operation. The instrument is configured by the controller
sending a Parallel Poll Configure command (PPC) followed by a Parallel Poll Enable
command (PPE). The bits in the PPE command are as follows:
bit 7 = x don't care
bit 6 = 1
bit 5 = 1
bit 4 = 0
parallel poll enable
bit 3 = sense sense of the response bit; 0 = low, 1 = high
bit 2 = ?
bit 1 = ?
bit 0 = ?
bit position of the response
For example: to return the RQS bit (bit 6 of the Status Byte Register) as a 1 when true
and a 0 when false in bit position 1 in response to a parallel poll operation, send the
following commands
*
PRE 64<pmt>, then PPC followed by 69H (PPE)
The parallel poll response from the generator will then be 00H if RQS is 0 and 01H if
RQS is 1.
During parallel poll response the DIO interface lines are resistively terminated (passive
ter
mination). This allows multiple devices to share the same response bit position in
either wired-AND or wired-OR configuration, see IEEE 488.1 for more information.
Status Reporting
This section describes the complete status model of the instrument. Note that some
registers are specific to the GPIB section of the instrument and are of limited use in an
RS232 environment.
Standard Event Status and Standard Event Status Enable Registers
These two registers are implemented as required by the IEEE std. 488.2.
Any bits set in the Standard Event Status Register which correspond to bits set in the
Standard Event Status Enable Register
will cause the ESB bit to be set in the Status Byte
Register.
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The Standard Event Status Register is read and cleared by the
*
ESR? command. The
Standard Event Status Enable register is set by the
*
ESE <nrf> command and read
by
the
*
ESE? command.
Bit 7 Power On. Set when power is first applied to the instrument.
Bit 6 Not used.
Bit 5 Command Error. Set when a syntax type error is detected in a command
from
the bus. The parser is reset and parsing continues at the next byte in
the input stream.
Bit 4 Execution Error. Set when an error is encountered while attempting to
execute a co
mpletely parsed command. The appropriate error number
will be reported in the Execution Error Register.
Bit 3 Not used.
Bit 2 Query Error. Set when a query error
occurs. The appropriate error
number will be reported in the Query Error Register as listed below.
1. Interrupted error
2. Deadlock error
3. Unterminated error
Bit 1 Not used.
Bit 0 Operation Complete. Set in response to the
*
OPC command.
Status Byte Register and Service Request Enable Register
These two registers are implemented as required by the IEEE std. 488.2.
Any bits set in the Status Byte Register which correspond
to bits set in the Service
Request Enable Register will cause the RQS/MSS bit to be set in the Status Byte
Register, thus generating a Service Requ
est on the bus.
The Status Byte Register is read either by the
*
STB? command, which will return
MSS in bit 6, or by a Serial Poll which will return RQS in bit 6. The Service Request
Enable register is set by
the
*
SRE <nrf> command and read by the
*
SRE?
command.
Bit 7 Not used.
Bit 6 RQS/MSS. This bit, as defined by IEEE Std. 488.2, contains both the
Requesting Service
message and the Master Status Summary message.
RQS is returned in response to a Serial Poll and MSS is returned in
response to the
*
STB? command.
Bit 5 ESB. The Event Status Bit. This bit is set if any bits set in the Standard
Event Status Register correspond to
bits set in the Standard Event Status
Enable Register.
Bit 4 MAV. The Message Available Bit. This will be set when the instrument
has a response
message formatted and ready to send to the controller.
The bit will be cleared after the Response Message Terminator has been
sent.
Bit 3 Not used.
Bit 2 Not used.
Bit 1 Not used.
Bit 0 Not used.
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Power on Settings16
shb0012f.gif
Figure 16-4. Status Model
Power on Settings
The following instrument status values are set at power on:
Status Byte Register = 0
Service Request Enable Register † = 0
Standard Event Status Register = 128 (pon bit set)
Standard Event Status Enable Register † = 0
Execution Error Register = 0
Query Error Register = 0
Parallel Poll Enable Register † = 0
† Registers marked thus are specific to the GPIB section of the instrument and are of
limited use in an RS232 environment.
The instrument will be in local state with the keyboard active.
The instrument parameters at power on are determined on the POWER ON SETTING
screen accessed from the UTILITY menu. If restore last setup or
recall store no. nn has been set and a defined state is required by the controller
at start up then the command
*
RST should be used to load the system defaults.
If for any reason an error is detected at power up in the non-volatile ram a warning will
be issued and all settings will be returned to their default states as for a
*
RST
command.
16-9
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16-10
Remote Commands
RS232 Remote Command Formats
Serial input to the instrument is buffered in a 256 byt
e input queue which is filled, under
interrupt, in a manner transparent to all other instrument operations. The instrument will
send XOFF when approximately 200 characters are in the queue. XON will be sent
when approxi
mately 100 free spaces become available in the queue after XOFF was
sent. This que
ue contains raw (un-parsed) data which is parsed as it is required.
Commands and queries are executed in order and the parser will not start a new
command until any previous command or query is complete.
In non-addressable RS232 mode responses to commands or queries are sent immediately;
there is no output queue. In addressable
mode the response formatter will wait,
indefinitely if necessary, until the instrument is addressed to talk and the complete
response message has been sent, before allowing the parser to start the next command in
the input queue.
Commands must be sent as specified in the commands list and
must be terminated with
the command terminator code 0AH (line feed, LF). Commands may be sent in groups
with individual commands separated from each other by the code 3BH (semicolon). The
group must be terminated with command terminator 0AH (line feed, LF).
Responses from the instrument to the controller are sent as specifi
ed in the commands
list. Each response is terminated by 0DH (carriage return, CR) followed by 0AH (line
feed, LF).
<WHITE SPACE> is defined as character codes 00H to 20H inclusive with the
exception of t
hose which are specified as addressable RS232 control codes.
<WHITE SPACE> is ignored except in command identifiers (thus, for exam
ple,
*
C LS is not equivalent to
*
CLS.
The high bit of all characters is ignored.
The commands are not case-sensitive.
GPIB Remote Command Formats
GPIB input to the instrument is buffered in a 256 byt
e input queue which is filled, under
interrupt, in a manner transparent to all other instrument operations. The queue contains
raw (un-parsed) data which is taken by the parser as required. Commands (and queries)
are executed in order and the parser will not start a new command until any previous
command or query is complete. There is no output queue which means that the response
formatter will wait, indefinitely if necessary, until the instrument is addressed to talk and
the complete response message has been sent before the parser is allowed to start the next
command in the input queue.
Commands are sent as <PROGRAM MESSAGES> by the controller, each message
consisting of
zero or more <PROGRAM MESSAGE UNIT> elements separated by
<PROGRAM MESSAGE UNIT SEPARATOR> elements.
A <PROGRAM MESSAGE UNIT> is any of the commands in the remote commands
list.
A <PROGRAM MESSAGE UNIT SEPARATOR> is the semi-colon character ';' (3BH).
<PROGRAM MESSAGES> are separated by <PROGRAM MESSAGE TERMINATOR>
elements which may be any of the following:
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Remote Operation
Remote Commands16
16-11
NL The new line character (0AH)
NL^END The new line character with the END message
^END The END message with the last character of the message
Responses from the instrument to the controller are sent as <RESPONSE MESSAGES>.
A <RESPONSE MESSAGE> consists of one <RESPONSE MESSAGE UNIT>
followed by a <RESPONSE MESSAGE TERMINATOR>.
A <RESPONSE MESSAGE TERMINATOR> is the new line character with the END
message NL^END.
Each query produces a specific <RESPONSE MESSAGE> which is listed along with
the co
mmand in the remote commands list.
<WHITE SPACE> is ignored except in command identifiers (thus, for exam
ple,
*
C LS is not equivalent to
*
CLS.
<WHITE SPACE> is defined as character codes 00H to 20H inclusive with the
exception of the NL character (0AH).
The high bit of all characters is ignored.
The commands are not case-sensitive.
Command List
This section lists all commands and queries i
mplemented in this instrument. The
commands are listed in alphabetical order within the function groups.
Note that there are no dependent parameters, coupled parameters, o
verlapping
commands, expression program data elements or compound command program headers;
each command is completely executed before the next command is started. All
commands are sequential and the operation complete message is generated immediately
after execution in all cases.
The following nomenclature is used:
<rmt> <RESPONSE MESSAGE TERMINATOR>
<cpd> <CHARACTER PROGRAM DATA>: a short mnemonic or string such as
ON or OFF.
<nrf> A number in any format. For example, 12, 12.00, 1.2e1 and 120e-1
are all a
ccepted as the number 12. Any number, when received, is
converted to the required precision consistent with the use, then rounded
up to obtain the value of the command.
<nr1> A number with no fractional part, i.e. an integer.
[…] Any item(s) enclosed in these square brackets are optional parameters. If
they
enclose more than one item then all or none of the items are required.
The commands which begin with an asterisk (
*
) are those specified by IEEE Std. 488.2
as Co
mmon Commands. All will function when used on the RS232 interface but some
have little applicability here.
Channel Selection
Most commands act on a particular channel of the gen
erator. The following command is
used to select the required channel. Subsequent commands will change only the specified
parameter on the selected channel.
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SETUPCH <nrf> Select channel <nrf> as the destination
for subsequent commands. The value of
<nrf> ranges from 1 to the highest
channel number in the inst
rument.
Frequency and Period
These commands set the frequency or period of the generator main output and are
equivalent to
pressing the FREQ key and editing that screen.
WAVFREQ <nrf> Set the waveform frequency to <nrf>
Hz.
WAVPER <nrf> Set the waveform period to <nrf> sec.
CLKFREQ <nrf> Set the arbitrary sample clock freq to
<nrf> Hz.
CLKPER <nrf> Set the arbitrary sample clock period to
<nrf> sec.
Amplitude and DC Offset
AMPL <nrf> Set the amplitude to <nrf> in the units
as specifi
ed by the AMPUNIT command.
AMPUNIT <cpd> Set the amplitude units to <VPP>,
<VRMS> or <DBM>.
ZLOAD <cpd> Set the output load, which the generator is
to assu
me for amplitude and dc offset
entries, to <50> (50 Ω), <600> (600 Ω)
or <OPEN>.
DCOFFS <nrf> Set the dc offset to <nrf> Volts.
Waveform Selection
WAVE <cpd> Select the output waveform as <SINE>,
<SQUARE>, <TRIANG>, <DC>,
<POSRMP>, <NEGRMP>, <COSINE>,
<HAVSIN>, <HAVCOS>, <SINC>,
<PULSE>, <PULSTRN>, <ARB> or
<SEQ>.
PULSPER <nrf> Set the pulse period to <nrf> sec.
PULSWID <nrf> Set the pulse width to <nrf> sec.
PULSDLY <nrf> Set the pulse delay to <nrf> sec.
PULTRNLEN <nrf> Set the number of pulses in the pulse-train
to <nrf>.
PULTRNPER <nrf> Set the pulse-train period to <nrf> sec.
PULTRNBASE <nrf> Set the pulse-train base line to <nrf>
Volts.
PULTRNLEV <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the level of pulse-train pulse number
<nrf1> to <nrf2> Volts.
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Remote Commands16
16-13
PULTRNWID <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the width of pulse-train pulse number
<nrf1> to <nrf2> sec.
PULTRNDLY <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the delay of pulse-train pulse number
<nrf1> to <nrf2> sec.
PULTRNMAKE Make the pulse-train and run it - similar to
the WAVE PULSTRN command.
ARB <cpd> Select an arbitrary waveform for output.
<cpd> must be the name of an existing
arbitrary
waveform. Backup memory is
always used as the source of the arb. The
arb will be copied to the channel memory if
necessary.
ARBLISTCH? Returns a list of all arbitrary waveforms in
the channel’s
memory. Each will return a
name and length in the following form
<cpd>,<nr1>. The list will end with
<rmt>.
ARBLIST? Returns a list of all arbitrary waveforms in
backup m
emory. Each will return a name
and length in the following form
<cpd>,<nr1>. The list will end with
<rmt>.
Arbitrary Waveform Create and Delete
Care should be take to ensure that all channels in the instrument are
running
in CONTINUOUS mode before using commands from this section.
Failure to observ
e this restriction may give unexpected results.
ARBDELETE <cpd> Delete the arbitrary waveform <cpd>
from backup memory.
ARBCLR <cpd> Delete the arb <cpd> from channel
mem
ory. The backup memory is not
changed.
ARBCREATE <cpd>,<nrf> Create a new, blank arbitrary waveform
with name <cpd> and length <nrf>
points.
ARBDEFCSV <cpd>,<nrf>,
<csv ascii data>
Define a new or existing arbitrary
wavefor
m with name <cpd> and length
<nrf> and load with the data in
<csv ascii data>.
If the arbitrary waveform does not exist it
will be creat
ed. If it does exist the length
will be checked against that specified and a
warning will be issued if they are different.
The edit limits will be set to the extremes
of the waveform
.
The data consists of ascii coded values, in
the range -2048 to +2047,
for each point.
The values are separated by a comma
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character and the data ends with <pmt>.
If less data is sent than the number of
points in the waveform the old data is
retained from the point where the new data
ends. If more data is sent the surplus is
discarded.
ARBDEF <cpd>,<nrf>,
<bin data block>
Define a new or existing arbitrary
wavefor
m with name <cpd> and length
<nrf> and load with the data in
<bin data block>.
If the arbitrary waveform does not exist it
will be creat
ed. If it does exist the length
will be checked against that specified and a
warning will be issued if they are different.
The edit limits will be set to the extremes
of the waveform
.
The data consists of two bytes per point
with no characters betw
een bytes or points.
The point data is sent high byte first. The
data block has a header which consists of
the # character followed by several ascii-
coded num
eric characters. The first of
these defines the number of ascii characters
to follow and the following characters
define the length of the binary data in
bytes.
If less data is sent than the number of
points in
the waveform the old data is
retained from the point where the new data
ends. If more data is sent the surplus is
discarded.
This command cannot be used over the
RS232 interfa
ce since it contains a binary
data block.
Arbitrary Waveform Editing
Care should be take to ensure that all channels in the instrument are
running
in CONTINUOUS mode before using commands from this section.
Failure to observ
e this restriction may give unexpected results.
ARBEDLMTS <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the limits for the arbitrary waveform
editing functions to start at <nrf1> and
stop at <nrf2>.
If both values are set to 0 the commands
which use them
will automatically place
them at the start and end points of the
relevant waveform. This automatic mode
will remain in effect until the
ARBEDLMTS command is issued again
with nonzero values. The automatic mode
is always selected at power up.
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Remote Commands16
16-15
ARBDATACSV <cpd>,
<csv ascii data>
Load data to an existing arbitrary
waveform.
<cpd> m
ust be the name of an existing
arbitrary waveform.
The data consists of ascii coded values, in
the range --2048 t
o +2047, for each point.
The values are separated by a comma
character and the data ends with <pmt>.
The data is entered into the arbitrary
wavefor
m between the points specified by
the ARBEDLMTS command. If less data is
sent than the number of points between the
limits the old data is retained from the
point where the new data ends. If more
data is sent the surplus is discarded.
ARBDATA <cpd>,
<bin data block>
Load data to an existing arbitrary
wavefor
m.
<cpd> m
ust be the name of an existing
arbitrary waveform.
The data consists of two bytes per point
with no characters betw
een bytes or points.
The point data is sent high byte first. The
data block has a header which consists of
the # character followed by several ascii
coded numeric characters. The first if these
defines the number of ascii characters to
follow and these following characters
define the length of the binary data in
bytes.
The data is entered into the arbitrary
wavefor
m between the points specified by
the ARBEDLMTS command.
If less data is sent than the number of
points between the lim
its the old data is
retained from the point where the new data
ends. If more data is sent the surplus is
discarded.
This command cannot be used over the
RS232 interfa
ce since it contains a binary
data block.
ARBDATACSV? <cpd> Returns the data from an existing arbitrary
wavefor
m.
<cpd> m
ust be the name of an existing
arbitrary waveform. The data consists of
ascii coded values as specified for the
ARBDATACSV command. The data is sent
from the arbitrary waveform between the
points specified by the ARBEDLMTS
command.
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ARBDATA? <cpd> Returns the data from an existing arbitrary
waveform.
<cpd> m
ust be the name of an existing
arbitrary waveform.
The data consists of binary coded values as
specified for the ARBDATA
command.
The data is sent from the arbitrary
waveform between the points specified by
the ARBEDLMTS command.
This command cannot be used over the
RS232 interfa
ce since it contains a binary
data block.
ARBRESIZE <cpd>,<nrf> Change the size of arbitrary waveform
<cpd>
to <nrf>.
ARBRENAME <cpd1>,<cpd2> Change the name of arbitrary waveform
<cpd1>
to <cpd2>.
ARBPOINT <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>
Set the waveform point at address
<nfr1>
in arbitrary waveform <cpd>
to <nrf2>.
ARBLINE <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>,<nrf4>
Draw a line in arbitrary waveform <c
pd>
from start address and data <nrf1> and
<nrf2> to stop address and data
<nrf3> and <nrf4>.
ARBINSSTD <cpd1>,<cpd2>,
<nrf1>,<nrf2>
Insert the standard waveform <cpd2>
into the arbitrary waveform <cpd1>
from start address <nrf1> to stop
address <nrf2>.
<cpd2> m
ust be one of <SINE>,
<SQUARE>, <TRIANG>, <DC>,
<POSRMP>, <NEGRMP>, <COSINE>,
<HAVSIN>, <HAVCOS>, or <SINC>
and <cpd1> must be an existing
arbitrary waveform.
ARBINSARB <cpd1>,<cpd2>,
<nrf1>,<nrf2>
Insert the arbitrary waveform <cpd2>
into arbitrar
y waveform <cpd1>.
Use that part of <cpd2>
specified by the
ARBEDLMTS command and insert from
start address <nrf1> to the stop address
<nrf2>.
<cpd1> and <cpd2>
must both be
existing arbitrary waveforms but they
cannot be the same waveform.
ARBCOPY <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>
Block copy in arbitrary waveform <c
pd>
the data in the address range <nrf1> to
<nrf2> to destination address <nrf3>.
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Remote Commands16
16-17
ARBAMPL <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>
Adjust the amplitude of arbitrary waveform
<cpd> in the address range <nrf1> to
<nrf2> by the factor <nfr3>.
ARBOFFSET <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>
Move the data in arbitrary waveform
<cpd>
in the address range <nrf1> to
<nrf2> by the offset <nrf3>.
ARBINVERT <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>
Invert arbitrary waveform <cpd> in the
address range <nrf1>
to <nrf2>.
ARBLEN? <cpd> Returns the length, in points, of the
arbitrary
waveform <cpd>. If the
waveform does not exist the return value
will be 0.
POSNMKRCLR <cpd> Clear all position markers from arbitrary
wavefor
m <cpd>.
POSNMKRSET <cpd>,<nrf> Set the position marker at address <nr
f>
in arbitrary waveform <cpd> to 1 (high).
POSNMKRRES <cpd>,<nrf> Clear the position marker at address
<nrf>
in arbitrary waveform <cpd> to
0 (low).
POSNMKRPAT
<cpd1>,<nrf1>,<nrf2>,
<cpd2>
Put the pattern <cpd2>
into the arbitrary
waveform <cpd1> from start address
<nrf1> to stop address <nrf2>.
The pattern may contain up to 16 entries of
'1
' or '0'; no other characters are allowed.
Waveform Sequence Control
SEQWFM <nrf>,<cpd> Set the 'waveform' parameter for sequence
seg
ment <nrf> to <cpd>.
<cpd> m
ust be the name of an existing
arbitrary waveform.
SEQSTEP <nrf>,<cpd> Set the 'step on' parameter for sequence
seg
ment <nrf> to <COUNT>,
<TRGEDGE> or <TRGLEV>.
SEQCNT <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set count for sequence segment <nrf
1>
to <nrf2>.
SEQSEG <nrf>,<cpd> Set the status of sequence segment <nrf>
to <ON>
or <OFF>.
Mode Commands
MODE <cpd> Set the mode to <CONT>
, <GATE>,
<TRIG>, <SWEEP> or <TONE>.
BSTCNT <nrf> Set the burst count to <n
rf>.
PHASE <nrf> Set the generator phase to <nrf>
degrees. This parameter is used for phase
locking and trigger/gate mode start/stop
phase.
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TONEEND <nrf> Delete tone frequency number <nrf>,
thus defining the end of the list.
TONEFREQ <nrf1>,<nrf2>,
<nrf3>
Set tone frequency number <nrf1>
to
<nrf2> Hz. The third parameter sets the
tone type; 1 will give trig, 2 will give FSK,
any other value gives gate.
SWPSTARTFRQ <nrf> Set the sweep start frequency to <nrf
>
Hz.
SWPSTOPFRQ <nrf> Set the sweep stop frequency to <nrf
>
Hz.
SWPCENTFRQ <nrf> Set the sweep centre frequency to <nrf
>
Hz.
SWPSPAN <nrf> Set the sweep frequency span to <nrf>
Hz.
SWPTIME <nrf> Set the sweep time to <nrf>
sec.
SWPTYPE <cpd> Set the sweep type to <CO
NT>,
<TRIG>, <THLDRST> or <MANUAL>.
SWPDIRN <cpd> Set the sweep direction to <UP>
,
<DOWN>, <UPDN> or <DNUP>.
SWPSYNC <cpd> Set the sweep sync <ON>
or <OFF>.
SWPSPACING <cpd> Set the sweep spacing to <
LIN> or
<LOG>.
SWPMKR <nrf> Set the sweep marker to <nrf> Hz.
SWPMANUAL <cpd> Set the sweep manual parameters to
<UP>
, <DOWN>, <FAST>, <SLOW>,
<WRAPON> or <WRAPOFF>.
Input/Output control
OUTPUT <cpd> Set the main output <ON>, <OFF>
,
<NORMAL> or <INVERT>.
SYNCOUT <cpd> Set the sync output <ON>
, <OFF>
,
<AUTO>, <WFMSYNC>, <POSNMKR>,
<BSTDONE>, <SEQSYNC>,
<TRIGGER>, <SWPTRG> or
<PHASLOC>.
TRIGOUT <cpd> Set the trig output to <AU
TO>,
<WFMEND>, <POSNMKR>, <SEQSYNC>
or <BSTDONE>.
TRIGIN <cpd> Set the trig input to <INT
>, <EXT>,
<MAN>, <PREV>, <NEXT>, <POS> or
<NEG>.
TRIGPER <nrf> Set the internal trigger generator period to
<nrf>
sec.
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Remote Commands16
16-19
FORCETRG Force a trigger to the selected channel. Will
function with any trigger source except
MANUAL specified.
Modulation Commands
MOD <cpd> Set the modulation source to <OFF>
,
<EXT> or <PREV>.
MODTYPE <cpd> Set the modulation type to <AM>
or
<SCM>.
AMDEPTH <nrf> Set the depth for amplitude modulation to
<nrf>
%.
SCMLEVEL <nrf> Set the level for SCM
to <nrf> Volts.
SUM <cpd> Set the sum source to <OFF>
, <EXT> or
<PREV>.
SUMATN <cpd> Set the sum input attenuator to <0dB>,
<10dB>
, <20dB>, <30dB>, <40dB>
or <50dB>.
SUMRATIO <nrf> Set the sum ratio to <nrf
>.
Phase Locking Commands
REFCLK <cpd> Set the REF CLOCK IN/OUT to <IN>
,
<OUT>, <MASTER> or <SLAVE>.
ABORT Aborts an external phase locking operation.
PHASE <nrf> Set the generator phase to <nrf>
degrees.
This parameter is used for phase locking
and trigger/gate mode start/stop phase.
LOCKMODE <cpd> Set the channel lock mode to <INDEP>
,
<MASTER>, <FTRACK> or <SLAVE>.
LOCKSTAT <cpd> Set the inter-channel lock status to <ON>
or <OFF>
.
Status Commands
*
CLS Clear status. Clears the Standard Event Status
Register, Que
ry Error Register and Execution
Error Register. This indirectly clears the
Status Byte Register.
*
ESE <nrf> Set the Standard Event Status Enable Register
to the value of <nrf>
.
*
ESE? Returns the value in the Standard Event Status
Enable Register in <nr1>
numeric format.
The syntax of the response is <nr1><rmt>.
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*
ESR? Returns the value in the Standard Event Status
Register in <nr1>
numeric format. The
register is then cleared. The syntax of the
response is <nr1><rmt>.
*
IDN? Returns the instrument identification. The
exact response is determ
ined by the
instrument configuration and is of the form
<NAME>,<model>,0,<version><rmt>
where <NAME> is the manufacturer’s name,
<MODEL> defines the type of instrument and
<VERSION> is the revision level of the
software installed.
*
IST? Returns ist
local message as defined by
IEEE Std. 488.2. The syntax of the response
is 0<rmt>, if the local message is false or
1<rmt>, if the local message is true.
*
OPC Sets the Operation Complete bit (bit 0) in the
Standard Event Status Register. This will
happen immediately
the command is executed
because of the sequential nature of all
operations.
*
OPC? Query Operation Complete status. The syntax
of the response is
1<rmt>. The response
will be available immediately the command is
executed because of the sequential nature of
all operations.
*
PRE <nrf> Set the Parallel Poll Enable Register to the
value <nrf>
.
*
PRE? Returns the value in the Parallel Poll Enable
Register in
<nr1> numeric format. The
syntax of the response is <nr1><rmt>.
*
SRE <nrf> Set the Service Request Enable Register to
<nrf>.
*
SRE? Returns the value of the Service Request
Enable Register in <nr1>
numeric format.
The Syntax of the response is <nr1><rmt>.
*
STB? Returns the value of the Status Byte Register
in <nr1>
numeric format. The syntax of
the response is <nr1><rmt>.
*
WAI Wait for Operation Complete true. As all
co
mmands are completely executed before the
next is started this command takes no
additional action.
*
TST? The generator has no self-test capability and
the response is alway
s 0<rmt>.
EER? Query and clear execution error number
register. The response format is nr1<
rmt>.
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Remote Commands16
16-21
QER? Query and clear query the error number
register. The response format is nr1<rmt>.
Miscellaneous Commands
*
LRN? Returns the complete set-up of the instrument
as a hexadeci
mal character data block. To re-
install the set-up the block should be returned
to the instrument exactly as it is received.
The syntax of the response is LRN
<Character data><rmt>
.
The settings in the instrument are not affected
by
execution of the
*
LRN? command.
LRN <character data> Install data for a previous
*
LRN?
co
mmand.
*
RST Resets the instrument parameters to their
default values (see Appendix).
*
RCL <nrf> Recalls the instrument set up contained in
store num
ber <nrf>. Valid store numbers
are 0 - 9. Recalling store 0 sets all parameters
to the default settings (see Appendix).
*
SAV <nrf> Saves the complete instrument set up in the
store num
ber <nrf>. Valid store numbers
are 1 - 9.
*
TRG This command is the same as pressing the
MAN T
RIG key. Its effect will depend on the
context in which it is assert
ed. The interface
command Group Execute Trigger (GET) will
perform the same action as
*
TRG.
COPYCHAN <nrf> Copy the parameters from the current set-up
channel to channel <nrf>
.
HOLD <cpd> Set hold mode <ON>
, <OFF>, <ENAB> or
<DISAB>. The ON or OFF forms are the
same as pressing the MAN HOLD key. The
ENAB
and DISAB forms are channel
specific and enable or disable the action of
the MAN HOLD key or HOLD input.
FILTER <cpd> Set the output filter to <AUTO>
, <EL10>,
<EL16>, <BESS> or <NONE>.
BEEPMODE <cpd> Set beep mode to <ON>
, <OFF>, <WARN>,
or <ERROR>.
BEEP Sound one beep.
LOCAL Returns the instrument to local operation and
unlocks the k
eyboard.
Will not function if LLO is in force.
Refer to chapter15, Calibr
ation, for remote calibration commands.
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Remote Command Summary
Table 16-1. Remote Command Summary
*
CLS Clear status.
*
ESE <nrf> Set the Standard Event Status Enable
Register to the value of <nrf>
.
*
ESE? Returns the value in the Standard Event
Status Enable Register in <nr1>
num
eric format.
*
ESR? Returns the value in the Standard Event
Status Regist
er in <nr1> numeric
format.
*
IDN? Returns the instrument identification.
*
IST? Returns ist
local message as defined by
IEEE Std. 488.2.
*
LRN? Returns the complete set up of the
instrument as
a hexadecimal character data
block approximately 842 bytes long.
*
OPC Sets the Operation Complete bit (bit 0) in
the Standard
Event Status Register.
*
OPC? Query operation complete status.
*
PRE <nrf> Set the Parallel Poll Enable Register to the
value <nrf>
.
*
PRE? Returns the value in the Parallel Poll
Enable Register in <nr1>
numeric
format.
*
RCL <nrf> Recalls the instrument set up contained in
store num
ber <nrf>.
*
RST Resets the instrument parameters to their
default values.
*
SAV Saves the complete instrument set up in the
store num
ber <nrf>. Valid store numbers
are 1 - 9.
*
SRE <nrf> Set the Service Request Enable Register to
<nrf>
.
*
SRE? Returns the value of the Service Request
Enable Register in <nr1>
numeric
format.
*
STB? Returns the value of the Status Byte
Register in
<nr1> numeric format.
*
TRG This command is the same as pressing the
MAN T
RIG key.
*
TST? The generator has no self-test capability
and the response is alway
s 0<rmt>.
*
WAI Wait for operation complete true. Executed
before the next operation i
s started
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Remote Command Summary16
16-23
ABORT Aborts a phase locking operation.
AMDEPTH <nrf> Set the depth for amplitude modulation to
<nrf> %.
AMPL <nrf> Set the amplitude to <nrf> in the units
as specified by the AMPUNIT command.
AMPUNIT <cpd> Set the amplitude units to <VPP>,
<VRMS> or <DBM>.
ARB <cpd> Select an arbitrary waveform for output.
ARBAMPL <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>
Adjust the amplitude of arbitrary waveform
<cpd> from start address <nrf1> to
stop address <nrf2> by the factor
<nfr3>.
ARBCLR <cpd> Delete the arb <cpd> from channel
memory.
ARBCOPY <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>
Block copy in arbitrary waveform <cpd>
the data from start address <nrf1> to
stop address <nrf2> to destination
address <nrf3>.
ARBCREATE <cpd>,<nrf> Create a new, blank arbitrary waveform
with name <cpd> and length <nrf>
points.
ARBDATA <cpd>,<bin data
block>
Load data to an existing arbitrary
waveform.
ARBDATA? <cpd> Returns the data from an existing arbitrary
waveform.
ARBDATACSV<cpd>,<csv
ascii data>
Load data to an existing arbitrary
waveform.
ARBDATACSV? <cpd> Returns the data from an existing arbitrary
waveform.
ARBDEF <cpd>,<nrf>,<bin
data block>
Define a new or existing arbitrary
waveform with name <cpd> and length
<nrf> and load with the data in <bin
data block>.
ARBDEFCSV <cpd>,<nrf>,
<csv ascii data>
Define a new or existing arbitrary
waveform with name <cpd> and length
<nrf> and load with the data in <csv
ascii data>.
ARBDELETE <cpd> Delete the arbitrary waveform <cpd>.
ARBEDLMTS <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the limits for the arbitrary waveform
editing functions to start at <nrf1> and
stop at <nrf2>.
ARBINSARB <cpd1>,<cpd2>,
<nrf1>,<nrf2>
Insert the arbitrary waveform <cpd2>
into arbitrary waveform <cpd1>. Use
that part of <cpd2> specified by the
ARBLIMITS command and insert from
start address <nrf1> to stop address
<nrf2>.
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ARBINSSTD <cpd1>,<cpd2>,
<nrf1>,<nrf2>
Insert the standard waveform <cpd2>
into the arbitrary waveform <cpd1>
from start address <nrf1> to stop
address <nrf2>.
ARBINVERT <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>
Invert arbitrary waveform <cpd>
between start address <nrf1> and stop
address <nrf2>.
ARBLEN? <cpd> Returns the length, in points, of the
arbitrary waveform <cpd>.
ARBLINE <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>, <nrf4>
Draw a line in arbitrary waveform <cpd>
from start address/data <nrf1>/<nrf2>
to stop address/data <nrf3>/<nrf4>.
ARBLIST? Returns a list of all arbitrary waveforms in
backup memory, each will return a name
and length in the form <cpd>,<nr1>.
ARBLISTCH? Returns a list of all arbitrary waveforms
channel memory, each will return a name
and length in the form <cpd>,<nr1>.
ARBOFFSET <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<nrf3>
Move the data in arbitrary waveform
<cpd> from start address <nrf1> to stop
address <nrf2> by the offset <nrf3>.
ARBPOINT <cpd>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>
Set the waveform point at address
<nfr1> in arbitrary waveform <cpd>
to <nrf2>.
ARBRENAME <cpd1>,<cpd2> Change the name of arbitrary waveform
<cpd1> to <cpd2>.
ARBRESIZE <cpd>,<nrf> Change the size of arbitrary waveform
<cpd> to <nrf>.
BEEP Set beep mode to <ON>, <OFF>,
<WARN>, or <ERROR>.
BEEPMODE <cpd> Sound one beep.
BSTCNT <nrf> Set the burst count to <nrf>.
CLKFREQ <nrf> Set the arbitrary sample clock freq to
<nrf> Hz.
CLKPER <nrf> Set the arbitrary sample clock period to
<nrf> sec.
COPYCHAN <nrf> Copy the parameters from the current
set-up channel to channel <nrf>.
DCOFFS <nrf> Set the dc offset to <nrf> Volts.
EER? Query and clear execution error number
register.
FILTER <cpd> Set the output filter to <AUTO>, <EL10>,
<EL16>, <BESS> or <NONE>.
FORCETRG Force a trigger to the selected channel.
HOLD <cpd> Set hold mode <ON>, <OFF>, <ENAB>
or <DISAB>.
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Remote Operation
Remote Command Summary16
16-25
LOCKMODE <cpd> Set the channel lock mode to <INDEP>,
<MASTER>, <FTRACK> or <SLAVE>.
LOCKSTAT <cpd> Set the channel lock status to <ON> or
<OFF>.
LOCAL Returns the instrument to local operation
and unlocks the keyboard. Will not
function if LLO is in force.
LRN <character data> Install data for a previous
*
LRN?
command.
MOD <cpd> Set the modulation source to <OFF>,
<EXT> or <PREV>.
MODE <cpd> Set the mode to <CONT>, <GATE>,
<TRIG>, <SWEEP> or <TONE>.
MODTYPE <cpd> Set the modulation type to <AM> or
<SCM>.
OUTPUT <cpd> Set the main output <ON>, <OFF>,
<NORMAL> or <INVERT>.
PHASE <nrf> Set the slave generator phase to <nrf>
degrees.
POSNMKRCLR <cpd> Clear all position markers from arbitrary
waveform <cpd>.
POSNMKRPAT <cpd1>,<nrf1>,
<nrf2>,<cpd2>
Put the pattern <cpd2> into the arbitrary
waveform <cpd1> from start address
<nrf1> to stop address <nrf2>.
POSNMKRRES <cpd>,<nrf> Clear the position marker at address
<nrf> in arbitrary waveform <cpd> to
0 (low).
POSNMKRSET <cpd>,<nrf> Set the position marker at address <nrf>
in arbitrary waveform <cpd> to 1
(high).
PULSDLY <nrf> Set the pulse delay to <nrf> sec.
PULSPER <nrf> Set the pulse period to <nrf> sec.
PULSWID <nrf> Set the pulse width to <nrf> sec.
PULTRNBASE <nrf> Set the pulse-train base line to <nrf>
Volts.
PULTRNDLY <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the delay of pulse-train pulse number
<nrf1> to <nrf2> sec.
PULTRNLEN <nrf> Set the number of pulses in the pulse-train
to <nrf>.
PULTRNLEV <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the level of pulse-train pulse number
<nrf1> to <nrf2> Volts.
PULTRNMAKE Make the pulse-train and run it - similar to
the WAVE PULSTRN command.
PULTRNPER <nrf> Set the pulse-train period to <nrf> sec.
PULTRNWID <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set the width of pulse-train pulse number
<nrf1> to <nrf2> sec.
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16-26
QER? Query and clear query error number
register.
REFCLK <cpd> Set the ref. clock BNC connector to
<IN>, <OUT>, <MASTER> or
<SLAVE>.
SCMLEVEL <nrf> Set the level for SCM to <nrf> Volts.
SETUPCH <nrf> Select channel <nrf>
SEQCNT <nrf1>,<nrf2> Set count for sequence segment <nrf1>
to <nrf2>.
SEQSEG <nrf>,<cpd> Set the status of sequence segment <nrf>
to <ON> or <OFF>.
SEQSTEP <nrf>,<cpd> Set the 'step on' parameter for sequence
segment <nrf> to <COUNT>,
<TRGEDGE> or <TRGLEV>.
SEQWFM <nrf>,<cpd> Set the 'waveform' parameter for sequence
segment <nrf> to <cpd>.
SUM <cpd> Set the sum source to <OFF>, <EXT> or
<PREV>.
SUMATN <cpd> Set the sum input attenuator to <0dB>,
<10dB>, <20dB>, <30dB>, <40dB>
or <50dB>.
SUMRATIO <nrf> Set the sum ratio to <nrf>.
SWPCENTFRQ <nrf> Set the sweep centre frequency to <nrf>
Hz.
SWPDIRN <cpd> Set the sweep direction to <UP>,
<DOWN>, <DNUP> or <UPDN>.
SWPMANUAL <cpd> Set the sweep manual parameters to
<UP>, <DOWN>, <FAST>, <SLOW>,
<WRAPON> or <WRAPOFF>.
SWPMKR <nrf> Set the sweep marker to <nrf> Hz.
SWPSPACING <cpd> Set the sweep spacing to <LIN> or
<LOG>.
SWPSPAN <nrf> Set the sweep frequency span to <nrf>
Hz.
SWPSTARTFRQ <nrf> Set the sweep start frequency to <nrf>
Hz.
SWPSTOPFRQ <nrf> Set the sweep stop frequency to <nrf>
Hz.
SWPSYNC <cpd> Set the sweep sync <ON> or <OFF>.
SWPTIME <nrf> Set the sweep time to <nrf> sec.
SWPTYPE <cpd> Set the sweep type to <CONT>, <TRIG>,
<THLDRST> or <MANUAL>.
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Remote Operation
Remote Command Summary16
16-27
SYNCOUT <cpd> Set the sync output <ON>, <OFF>,
<AUTO>, <WFMSYNC>, <POSNMKR>,
<BSTDONE>, <SEQSYNC>,
<TRIGGER>, <SWPTRG> or
<PHASLOC>.
TONEEND <nrf> Delete tone frequency number <nrf>
thus defining the end of the list.
TONEFREQ <nrf1>,<nrf2>,
<nrf3>
Set tone frequency number <nrf1> to
<nrf2> Hz. The third parameter sets the
tone type; 1 will give trig, 2 will give FSK,
any other value gives gate.
TRIGIN <cpd> Set the trig input to <INT>, <EXT>,
<MAN>, <PREV>, <NEXT>, <POS> or
<NEG>.
TRIGOUT <cpd> Set the trig output to <AUTO>,
<WFMEND>, <POSNMKR>, <SEQSYNC>
or <BSTDONE>.
TRIGPER <nrf> Set the internal trigger generator period to
<nrf> sec.
VAIN <cpd> Set the MODULATION or SUM input to
<VCA>, <SUM> or <OFF>.
WAVE <cpd> Select the output waveform as <SINE>,
<SQUARE>, <TRIANG>, <DC>,
<POSRMP>, <NEGRMP>, <COSINE>,
<HAVSIN>, <HAVCOS>, <SINC>,
<PULSE>, <PULSTRN>, <ARB> or
<SEQ>.
WAVFREQ <nrf> Set the waveform frequency to <nrf>
Hz.
WAVPER <nrf> Set the waveform period to <nrf> sec.
ZLOAD <cpd> Set the output load, which the generator is
to assume for amplitude and dc offset
entries, to <50> (50 Ω), <600>
(600 Ω) or <OPEN>.
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17-1
Chapter 17
Maintenance
Introduction........................................................................................................ 17-2
Cleaning............................................................................................................. 17-2
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Introduction
The manufacturers or their agents overseas will provide a repair service for any unit
developing a fault.
Where owners wish to undertake their own maintenance work, this should only be done
by skilled personnel in conjunction with the service manual.
Cleaning
If the instrument requires cleaning use a cloth that is only lightly dampened with water or
a mild detergent.
Warning
To avoid the possibility of electric shock or damage to the
instrument, never allow water to get inside the case.
Caution
To avoid possible damage to the instrument, never use a
solvent to clean it.
17-2
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Appendices
Appendix Title Page
A Mains Operating Voltage.................................................................................... A-1
B Warning and Error Messages.............................................................................. B-1
C SYNC OUT Automatic Settings......................................................................... C-1
D Factory System Defaults..................................................................................... D-1
E Waveform Manager Plus..................................................................................... E-1
F Block Diagrams................................................................................................... F-1
G Front and Rear Panel Drawings .......................................................................... G-1
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Appendix A
Mains Operating Voltage
Mains Operating Voltage
Before connecting the instrument to an ac outlet, check that the instrument operating
voltage marked on the rear panel is correct for the local supply.
Warning
To avoid the possibility of electric shock, always ensure the
instrument is disconnected from the ac supply before opening
the case.
If it is necessary to change the operating voltage, proceed as follows:
1. Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources.
2. Remove the screws which retain the top cover and lift off the cover.
3. Change the transformer connections following the appropriate diagrams below.
4. Refit the cover and the secure with the same screws.
5. To comply with safety standard requirements the operating voltage marked on the
rear panel must be changed to clearly show the new voltage setting.
6. Change the fuse to one of the correct rating according to the table below:
Table 1-1. Approved Fuse Types
Single-channel
model 281
Two- and Four-channel
models 282/284
For 230 V operation 250 mA (T) 250 V HRC 1 A (T) 250 V HRC
For 100 V or 115 V operation 500 mA (T) 250 V HRC 2 A (T) 250 V HRC
To replace the fuse, disconnect the mains lead from the inlet socket and withdraw the
fuse drawer below the socket pins. Change the fuse and replace the drawer.
The use of makeshift fuses and the short-circuiting of the fuse holder are prohibited.
A-1
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Single Channel Model 281
shb0001f.emf
Figure 1-1. Mains Transformer Connections - Model 281
for 230 V operation, connect the live (brown) wire to pin 15
for 115 V operation, connect the live (brown) wire to pin 14
for 100 V operation, connect the live (brown) wire to pin 13
Two- and Four-Channel Models 282 and 284
Figure 1-2. Mains Transformer Connections - Models 282 and 284
for 230 V operation, link pins 15 and 16
for 115 V operation, link pins 13 and 16, link pins 15 and 18
for 100 V operation, link pins 13 and 16, link pins 14 and 17
A-2
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B-1
Appendix B
Warning and Error Messages
Warning and Error Messages
Warning messages are given when a setting may not give the expected result, e.g. DC
Offset attenuated by the output attenuator when a small amplitude is set; the setting is,
however, implemented.
Error messages are given when an illegal setting is attem
pted; the previous setting is
retained.
The last two warning/error messages can be reviewed by selecting LAST ERROR from
the UTILITY
screen, the latest is reported first.
Warning and error messages are reported with a num
ber on the display; only the number
is reported via the remote control interfaces.
The following is a complete list of messages as they appear on the display.
Warning Messages
00 No errors or warnings have been reported
13 DC offset changed by amplitude
14 Offset + SUM + level may cause clipping
23 Offset will clip the waveform
24 Instrument not calibrated
30 Amplitude will clip the waveform
42 Trigger source is fixed to external in SWP/SLAVE mode
43 Arb repeated in two seq segs so SEQ SYNC may not be correct
59 Trigger slope is fixed to positive in SWEEP/SLAVE mode
81 The programmed mod depth cannot be set
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B-2
83 Numeric value too large - switching to sample period
Error Messages
101 Frequency out of range for the selected waveform
102 Sample clock frequency required exceeds 40 MHz
103 Sample clock frequency required is less than 0.1 Hz
104 Pulse/pulse-train period out of range for current set-up
105 Pulse width cannot be greater than the period
106 Absolute value of pulse delay must be < period
107 Pulse width cannot be less than 25 ns
108 Maximum output level exceeded
109 Minimum output level exceeded
110 Minimum dc offset value exceeded
111 Maximum dc offset value exceeded
112 The value entered is out of range
115 There are no arb waveforms defined Use WAVEFORM CREATE
116 Cannot delete arb while it is selected for any output chan
117 Arb name exists, names must be unique
118 Arb waveform length exceeds available memory
119 Arb waveform length cannot be less than four points
121 Start address error: must be in the range 0 <= n <= stop addr
122 Stop address error: must be in the range strt <= n <= wfm len
125 No GPIB available
127 System ram error check battery
128 Point value error: must be in the range -2048 <= n <= +2047
129 Wave offset error: must be in the range -4096 <= n <= +4095
131 Wave amplitude error must be in the range 0 <= n <= 100
132 Block dest error: must be in the range 0 <= n <= wfm len-4
133 Sequence count value exceeds the maximum of 32,768
134 Sequence count value cannot be less than 1
135 Trigger generator maximum period is 200 s
136 Trigger generator minimum period is 10 us
138 Burst count value exceeds the maximum of 1,048,575
139 Burst count value cannot be less than 1
140 Trig/Gate freq too high. Max=1 MHz. Continuous mode set
141 Selected function is illegal in tone m
ode TONE MODE CANCELLED!
144 Selected combination of function and m
ode is illegal
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Appendices
Warning and Error Messages B
B-3
145 Selected mode is not available when phase lock master or slave
146 Cannot delete arbs while a sequence is running
147 Current set-up requires an arb wfm which does not exist
148 Trig/gate mode and seq step value cause a trigger conflict
149 Seq step value can't mix edge and level between segments
150 Number of pulses in train must be between 1 and 10
151 Pulse train base level must be >-5.0 V and <+5.0 V
152 Pulse level must be >-5.0 V and <+5.0 V
153 Pulse number must be between 1 and 10
154 Sweep frequency values must be 0.001 mHz to 16 MHz
155 Sweep start freq must be less than stop freq
156 Sweep stop freq must be greater than start freq
157 Sweep time value is out of range 0.03 s < n < 99 9s
158 Sweep marker value is out of range 0.001 Hz < n < 16 MHz
160 Not locked. This error indicates that a phase locking operation has failed.
161 Illegal phase value
178 SUM ratio is not possible within level constraints
179 SUM and internal MOD cannot be active together
180 Modulation depth or SCM level is out of range
182 This channel’s waveform ram is full
184 SUM or Modulation conflict
186 Inter channel lock not possible. Lock status is off.
This error may occur for several reasons. In each case there is a conflict of the
phase locking settings. In
most cases the status of the phase lock is set to off.
Any of the following conditions will cause this error:
1. More than one master channel is enabled.
2. No master channel is enabled.
3. The locked channels contain a m
ixture of DDS and PLL generated
waveforms.
4. Frequency tracking is enabled (mode:
master/freq) but the frequencies are
not the same on all channels. If PLL waveforms are locked the mode will be
forced to frequency tracking.
5. A locked channel is not set to continuous mode.
6. An attempt is made to turn on phase lock with a frequency set too high. Note
that the maxim
um frequency for phase locked DDS operation is 10 MHz.
7. An attempt is made to set the frequency
too high during phase lock. This
error does not set phase lock to off, the system simply inhibits the setting of
the incorrect frequency.
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B-4
Remote Warnings
72 Length is different to that in the ARBDEF(CSV) command
Remote Errors
120 Waveform limit value out of range
126 Illegal store number requested
162 Byte value outside the range 0 to 255
163 Specified arb name does not exist
164 Command illegal in sweep or tone mode
165 Cannot set waveform frequency or period for a sequence
166 Cannot set sample frequency or
period for std waveforms
167 dBm output units assume a 50 Ohm termination
168 Specified units illegal for the selected waveform
169 Command not available for RS232
170 Length value error in binary block
171 Illegal value in arbitrary data
173 Illegal tone number
174 Illegal sequence segment number
175 Cannot insert arb into itself
176 Pattern value is illegal or pattern too long
177 Illegal remote calibration command.
185 Command not available while sweeping.
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C-1
Appendix C
SYNC OUT Automatic Settings
SYNC OUT Automatic Settings
The following automatic source (src) settings are made when auto mode is
select
ed on the SYNC OUTPUT SETUP screen.
Waveform Position Burst Sequence Sweep Phase
MODE WAVEFORM Sync Marker Done Sync Trigger Trigger Lock
Standard
9
Continuous Arbitrary
9
Sequence
9
Gate/Trig All
9
Sweep All
9
Tone All
9
Ext. phase Sequence
9
Lock Master All others
9
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D-1
Appendix D
Factory System Defaults
Factory System Defaults
The factory system defaults are listed in full below. They can be recalled by pressing
RECALL followed by set defaults or by the remote command *RST. All
channels will be receive the same set-up.
All channels default to the same settings.
Main Parameters
Std. Wave: Sine
Frequency: 10 kHz
Output: +2·0 V p-p; Output Off
DC Offset: 0 V
Zout: HiZ
Gate/Trigger Parameters
Source: Internal
Period: 1 m
s
Slope: Positive
Burst Count: 1
Phase 0 deg
Modulation Parameters
Source: Off
Type: AM/VCA
Depth: 30 %
Sum: Off
Sweep Parameters
Begin Frequency: 100 kHz
End Frequency: 10 MHz
Marker Frequency: 5 MHz
Direction: Up
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D-2
Spacing: Log
Sweep Time: 50 ms
Type: Continuous
Sequence
All segments set as follows:
Status: Off except segment 1
Wfm: First arb
Step ON Count
Count: 1
Arbitrary All unaffected by reset or *RST
Other
Filter Auto
Sync Out Auto
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E-1
Appendix E
Waveform Manager Plus
Arbitrary Waveform Creation and Management Software
The Waveform Manager Plus program allows construction, editing, exchange, translation
and storage of many types of waveform data. It is compatible with many popular DSOs
and waveform generation products.
Waveforms may be generated by equat
ion entry, freehand drawing, combining existing
waveforms or any combinations of these methods.
Data upload and download are possible via RS232 (COM1 to COM4) or GPIB subject to
a co
mpatible GPIB card being correctly installed and configured in your PC.
Both upload and download of waveform data ar
e possible and, where applicable, data
exchange via 3.5 inch floppy disks in the Tektronix *.ISF format is available.
Text data may be read from the Windows clipboard and used to cr
eate a waveform. The
text data format is very free and will allow most lists of numbers, with or without
intervening text, to be read as waveform data points. Waveform data may also be pasted
to the clipboard for insertion into other programs.
Waveforms are displayed in fully scaleable windows and may be manipulated
graphically
. Any number of waveforms in any of the supported types may be displayed
simultaneously.
On-line help is available in three ways.
1. The help menu contains a contents option from which you can go to any section of
the on-line he
lp file or browse particular areas or the whole file. It is also possible to
use the Index and Find operations of the Windows help system to search for items
which are not listed directly in the contents section.
2. Some dialog boxes have a Help button which, when clicked, will open the on-li
ne
help file at the section containing the description of that dialog box.
3. From most windows/dialogues the F1 key will open the help file at the relevant
section.
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E-2
Waveform Manager allows you to keep waveforms for different projects separate from
each other on your hard drive. A project may be placed anywhere, in any directory
(folder) and all waveform files for that project will be stored in a structure below that
directory. A project is identified by a user defined name. Each project maintains its own
library of expressions.
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Appendix F
Block Diagrams
Block Diagrams
Trig in
Waveform end
Position marker
Sequence end
Burst done
Internal trigger generator
TRIG IN front panel BNC
Trigger out from Ch(n -1)
Trigger out from Ch(n+1)
Trigger out to Ch(n-1)
and Ch(n+1)
Manual / remote trigger
PHASE LOCKING
Internal lock in
from this instrument
Lock out, routed via
SYNC OUT BNC, if this
instrument is the master
Master clock in/out
Modulation in
front panel BNC
Ch(n)
carrier
AM and SCM
SUM
Ch(n) with
mod
Mod/Sum in
attenuator
0 to 50 dB
in 10 dB steps
Sum in front panel BNC
Mod/sum out from Ch(n-1)
Ch(n) with
mod and sum
Mod/sum out to Ch(n+1)
Main
attenuator
0 to 50 dB
in 10 dB steps
Main out Ch(n)
TRIGGERING
shb0016f.emf
Figure 6-1. Block Diagram: Single Channel
F-1
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Channel 1
Internal lock in
Manual/remote trigger
Internal trigger gen
TRIG IN BNC
SUM IN BNC
MODULATION IN BNC
I/O
Channel 2
I I I I I I
I/O
Channel 3
I/O
Channel 4
Master clock
Ch1 mod/sum out
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I O O
I I I O O I I I O O I I I O O
I/O
Ch2 mod/sum out Ch3 mod/sum out
Trig out Ch 1
Trig out Ch 2
Trig out Ch 3
Trig out Ch 4
N/C N/C
shb0017f.emf
Figure 6-2. Inter-Channel Block Diagram
F-2
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Appendix G
Front and Rear Panel Drawings
Front Panel: Single-Channel Model 281
shb0013f.gif
Figure 7-1. Front Panel - Model 281
G-1
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Front Panel: 2-Channel Model 282
shb0014f.gif
Figure 7-2. Front Panel - Model 282
Front Panel: 4-Channel Model 284
shb0015f.gif
Figure 7-3. Front Panel - Model 284
G-2
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Appendices
Front and Rear Panel Drawings G
Rear Panel: Single-Channel Model 281
shb0018f.gif
Figure 7-4. Rear Panel - Model 281
Rear Panel: 2- and 4-Channel Models 282 and 284
shb0019f.gif
Figure 7-5. Rear Panel - Models 282 and 284
G-3
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1
Index
—A—
adding waveforms, 12-2
address
remote, 16-2, 16-3
amplitude modulation, 11-2
arb, 9-2
arbitrary waveform, 9-2
—B—
burst count, 7-4
—C—
calibration, 14-5, 15-2
remote, 15-5
cleaning, 17-2
clipping, 11-3, 12-2
clock synthesis, 4-5
commands
remote, 16-10
connections
daisy-chain, 16-4
front panel, 3-2
rear panel, 3-3
RS232, 3-4
sweep, 6-2
synchronization, 13-5
creating
arbitrary waveform, 9-2
—D—
daisy-chain, 16-3
data entry, 4-3
DC offset, 9-11
direct digital synthesis, 4-5, 4-6
display, 4-2
drawings
front-panel, G-1
rear-panel, 7-3
DTMF, 1-7, 8-4, 12-2
—E—
editing
arbitrary waveform, 9-2
principles of, 4-3
error messages, 14-3
—F—
features, 1-2
filter
output, 9-18
frequency locking, 13-2
frequency shift keying, 8-3
front-panel, G-1
FSK, 8-3
fuse, 2-2, A-1
—G—
gate
polarity, 7-6
source, 7-6
sync out, 7-7
GPIB, 3-5, 16-2, 16-6
error handling, 16-6
IEEE 488.1 subsets, 16-6
parallel poll, 16-7
power-on status, 16-9
status reporting, 16-7
—I—
IEEE-488, 3-5
information
system, 14-4
inputs, 1-8
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2
clock, 1-8, 3-3
ext sum, 12-2
hold, 1-8, 3-4, 10-7
modulation, 1-8, 3-3, 11-3
ref clock, 14-3
sum, 1-8, 3-3
trig, 1-8, 3-3
trig in, 11-3
inter-channel
modulation, 1-9
operation, 1-9
phase locking, 1-9
summing, 1-9
triggering, 1-10
interfaces, 1-10
—K—
key
ampl, 4-3
copy ch, 4-3, 14-5
data entry, 4-3
freq, 4-3
inter ch, 4-3
local, 16-2
man hold, 4-3, 10-7
man trig, 4-3, 7-4, 13-7
mode, 4-3
modulation, 4-3
numeric, 4-3
offset, 4-3
recall, D-1
setup, 4-2, 4-3
status, 4-2, 4-3
sum, 4-3
sweep, 4-3, 6-3
sync out, 4-3
trig in, 4-3, 7-2
utility, 4-3, 14-2
wave edit, 4-2
wave select, 4-2
—M—
mains operating voltage, A-1
maintenance, 17-2
master-slave, 13-2
memory, 9-2
waveform, 14-2
menu
utility, 14-2
messages
error, B-1
errors and warnings, 14-3
remote, B-4
warning, B-1
mode
addressable, 16-5
gated, 7-6
listen, 16-5
tone, 8-2
triggered burst, 7-3
modes, 1-5
modulation, 1-9, 11-2
internal, 11-3
mounting, 2-2
—N—
name
waveform, 9-5
—O—
operation
principles of, 4-5
outputs, 1-7
clock, 1-8, 3-3
cursor/marker, 1-8, 3-4, 6-2, 14-3
main, 1-7, 3-2
ref clock, 14-3
sync, 1-7, 3-2, 5-6, C-1
—P—
password
calibration, 15-3
phase locking, 1-9, 13-4
power-up, 4-2
pulse, 10-2
pulse train, 10-4
—R—
RAM, 9-2
rear-panel, 7-3
remote
control codes, 16-4
daisy-chain, 16-3
remote commands, 16-10
remote control, 16-2
repair service, 17-2
RS232, 3-4, 16-2, 16-3
—S—
screen
AMPLITUDE, 5-3
ARB HOLD INPUT, 9-16
ARBS, 9-4
CALIBRATION, 15-2
CHANNEL WFM INFO, 14-2
COPY CH, 14-5
CREATE NEW WAVEFORM, 9-4
CURSOR/MARKER OUTPUT, 14-4
DC OFFSET, 5-4
error settings, 14-3
FILTER SETUP, 9-17
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Index (continued)
3
INTER-CH, 13-2
MANUAL SWEEP FREQ, 6-5
MODE, 7-2
MODULATION, 11-2
POSITION MARKER, 9-12
POWER ON SETTING, 14-4
PULSE, 10-2
PULSE TRAIN, 10-4
REF CLOCK I/O, 13-6
REMOTE, 16-2
SEQUENCE, 9-13
STANDARD FREQUENCY, 5-2
STANDARD WAVEFORMS, 5-2
SUM, 12-2, 12-3
SWEEP MARKER FREQ, 6-6
SWEEP RANGE, 6-3
SWEEP SETUP, 6-3
SWEEP SPACING, 6-6
SWEEP TIME, 6-4
SWEEP TYPE, 6-4
SYNC OUT, 5-7
TONE, 8-2
TRIGGER IN, 7-2, 7-4, 7-6
TRIGGER OUT, 7-3
TRIGGER/GATE SETUP, 7-4, 7-6
WAVE OFFSET, 9-11
settings
automatic sync, C-1
default, D-1
errors and warnings, 14-3
factory, D-1
output filter, 9-17
power-on, 14-4, 16-2, 16-9
sync out, 9-16
setup
master-slave, 13-3, 13-5
remote interface, 14-3
store and recall, 14-2
synchronization, 13-5
specifications, 1-4
sum, 12-2
summing, 1-9
suppressed carrier modulation, 11-2
sweep, 6-2
hold, 6-6
manual, 6-5
marker, 6-6
range, 6-3
spacing, 6-6
time, 6-4
type, 6-4
synchronization, 13-2
connections, 13-5
principles, 13-5
system information, 14-4
—T—
tone, 8-2
tone switching, 1-6
trigger
edge, 7-4
external, 7-3
phase, 7-6
source, 7-4
sync out, 7-7
triggering, 1-10
—U—
utility menu, 14-2
—V—
voltage controlled amplitude, 11-2
—W—
warnings, 14-3
waveform
arbitrary, 9-2
copy, 9-5, 9-10
editing, 9-9
hold, 10-6
information, 14-2
modify, 9-6
phase, 13-4
pulse, 10-2
sum, 12-2
waveform hold, 9-16
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